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Lord, F. M. (1972). Individualized testing and item characteristic curve theory (RB-72-50). Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Lord, F. M. (1971). Tailored testing, an approximation of stochastic approximation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66, 707-711.
Lord, F. M. (1976). Some likelihood functions found in tailored testing. In . C. K. Clark (Ed.), Proceedings of the First Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing (pp. 79-81). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
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Lord, F. M. (1971). Tailored testing: An application of stochastic approximation (RM 71-2). Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Lord, F. M. (1971). The self-scoring flexilevel test. Journal of Educational Measurement, 8, 147-151.
Lord, F. M. (1976). Discussion. In . C. K. Clark (Ed.), Proceedings of the First Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing (pp. 113-117). Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
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Liu, S., Cai, Y., & Tu, D.. (2018). On-the-Fly Constraint-Controlled Assembly Methods for Multistage Adaptive Testing for Cognitive Diagnosis. Journal of Educational Measurement, 55, 595-613. doi:10.1111/jedm.12194
Liu, M., Zhu, R., & Guo, F.. (2001). Impact of item location effects on ability estimation in CAT. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. Seattle WA.
Liu, O. Lydia, Bridgeman, B., Gu, L., Xu, J., & Kong, N.. (2015). Investigation of Response Changes in the GRE Revised General Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 75, 1002-1020. doi:10.1177/0013164415573988
Liu, M., & Steffen, M.. (1999). Impact of flawed items on ability estimation in CAT. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. Montreal, Canada.
Liu, M., & Steffen, M.. (1998). The impact of scoring flawed items on ability estimation in CAT. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society. Urbana, IL.
Linn, R. L., Rock, D. A., & Cleary, T. A.. (1972). Sequential testing for dichotomous decisions. . Educational and Psychological Measurement, 32, 85-95.
Linn, R. L., & Cleary, T. A.. (1969). The development and evaluation of several programmed testing methods. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 29, 129-146.
Linn, R. L. (1975). Discussion. In . D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Computerized adaptive trait measurement: Problems and Prospects (Research Report 75-5), pp. 44-46. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program.
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Ling, G., Attali, Y., Finn, B., & Stone, E. A.. (2017). Is a Computerized Adaptive Test More Motivating Than a Fixed-Item Test?. Applied Psychological Measurement, 41, 495-511. doi:10.1177/0146621617707556
van der Linden, W. J., & Veldkamp, B. P.. (2004). Constraining Item Exposure in Computerized Adaptive Testing With Shadow Tests. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 29, 273-291. doi:10.3102/10769986029003273
van der Linden, W. J. (2009). Predictive Control of Speededness in Adaptive Testing. Applied Psychological Measurement, 33, 25-41. doi:10.1177/0146621607314042
van der Linden, W. J., & Xiong, X.. (2013). Speededness and Adaptive Testing. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 38, 418-438. doi:10.3102/1076998612466143
van der Linden, W. J., Breithaupt, K., Chuah, S. C., & Zhang, Y.. (2007). Detecting Differential Speededness in Multistage Testing. Journal of Educational Measurement, 44, 117–130. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.2007.00030.x
van der Linden, W. J., & Veldkamp, B. P.. (2007). Conditional Item-Exposure Control in Adaptive Testing Using Item-Ineligibility Probabilities. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 32, 398-418. doi:10.3102/1076998606298044
Linacre, J. M. (2000). Computer-adaptive testing: A methodology whose time has come. MESA Memorandum No 9. Chicago : MESA psychometric laboratory, Unversity of Chicago.
Linacre, J. M. (1995). Individualized testing in the classroom. In . Anderson, L.W. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Teaching and Teacher Education. Oxford, New York, Tokyo: Elsevier Science 295-299.
Linacre, J. M. (1987). A computer program for adaptive testing by microcomputer (MESA Memorandum No 40). Chicago: University of Chicago. (ERIC ED 280 895.).
Linacre, J. M. (1988). Simple and effective algorithms [for] computer-adaptive testing. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. New Orleans LA.
Linacre, J. M. (2000). Computer-adaptive testing: A methodology whose time has come. In U. Kang, Jean, E., & Linacre, J. M., Development of Computerised Middle School Achievement Tests (Vol. 69). Chicago, IL. USA: MESA.
Lin, C. - J., & Chang, H. - H.. (2018). Item Selection Criteria With Practical Constraints in Cognitive Diagnostic Computerized Adaptive Testing. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 0013164418790634. doi:10.1177/0013164418790634
Lin, C. - J., & Chang, H. - H.. (2019). Item Selection Criteria With Practical Constraints in Cognitive Diagnostic Computerized Adaptive Testing. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79, 335-357. doi:10.1177/0013164418790634
Lin, C. - J. (2011). Item Selection Criteria With Practical Constraints for Computerized Classification Testing. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71, 20-36. doi:10.1177/0013164410387336
Lilley, M., & Barker, T.. (2002). The development and evaluation of a computer-adaptive testing application for English language. In Paper presented at the 2002 Computer-Assisted Testing Conference. United Kingdom.
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Liang, C., Wang, D., Zhou, D., & Zhan, P.. (2017). The Development of a Web-Based CAT in China. In IACAT 2017 Conference. presented at the 08/2017, Niigata, Japan: Niigata Seiryo University.
Li, Y. H., & Schafer, W. D.. (2003). The effect of item selection method on the variability of CAT’s ability estimates when item parameters are contaminated with measurement errors. In Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. Chicago IL.
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Li, X., Becker, K., Gorham, J., & Woo, A.. (2009). Limiting item exposure for target difficulty ranges in a high-stakes CAT. In . D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2009 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing. {PDF File, 1.
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Li, F., Cohen, A., & Shen, L.. (2012). Investigating the Effect of Item Position in Computer-Based Tests. Journal of Educational Measurement, 49, 362–379. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.2012.00181.x
Li, Y. H., & Schafer, W. D.. (2003). Multidimensional computerized adaptive testing in recovering reading and mathematics abilities. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Chicago, IL.
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Li, Y. H., & Yu, N. Y.. (2002). Accuracy of the ability estimate and the item exposure rate under multidimensional adaptive testing with item constraints. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. New Orleans LA.
Li, Y. H., & Schafer, W. D.. (2005). Trait Parameter Recovery Using Multidimensional Computerized Adaptive Testing in Reading and Mathematics. Applied Psychological Measurement, 29, 3-25. doi:10.1177/0146621604270667
Li, J., & van der Linden, W. J.. (2018). A Comparison of Constraint Programming and Mixed-Integer Programming for Automated Test-Form Generation. Journal of Educational Measurement, 55, 435-456. doi:10.1111/jedm.12187
Li, Y. H., & Schafer, W. D.. (2003). Accuracy of reading and mathematics ability estimates under the shadow-test constraint MCAT. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Chicago IL.
Li, Y. H., & Schafer, W. D.. (2004). The context effects of multidimensional CAT on the accuracy of multidimensional abilities and the item exposure rates. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. San Diego CA.
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Li, Y. H. (2002). MIRTCAT [computer software]. Upper Marlboro MD: Author.
Li, Y. H., & Schafer, W. D.. (2003). Increasing the homogeneity of CAT’s item-exposure rates by minimizing or maximizing varied target functions while assembling shadow tests. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Chicago IL.
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Lewy, A., & Doron, R.. (1977). Group tailored tests and some problems of their utlization. In Third international Symposium on Educational testing. presented at the 06/1977, Leyden, The Netherlands.
Lewis, C., & Sheehan, K.. (1988). Computerized mastery testing. Machine-Mediated Learning, 2, 283-286.
Lewis, C.,, & Sheehan, K.. (1990). Using Bayesian decision theory to design a computerized mastery test. Applied Psychological Measurement, 14, 367-386.
Lewis, C. (2007). Some thoughts on controlling item exposure in adaptive testing. In . D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2007 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.
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Lewis, C., & Sheehan, K.. (1990). Using Bayesian Decision Theory to Design a Computerized Mastery Test. Applied Psychological Measurement, 14(4), 367-386.
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Lewis, M. J., Subhiyah, R. G., & Morrison, C. A.. (1995). A comparison of classification agreement between adaptive and full-length test under the 1-PL and 2-PL models. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. San Francisco CA.
Levy, R., Behrens, J. T., & Mislevy, R. J.. (2023). An Extended Taxonomy of Variants of Computerized Adaptive Testing. Journal of Computerized Adaptive Testing, 10(1). doi:10.7333/2302-100101
Levitt, H. (1980). Computer applications in audiology and rehabilitation of the hearing impaired. Journal of Communication Disorders, 13, 471-481.
Levine, M. L., Segall, D. O., & Williams, B. A.. (1997). Maintaining a CAT item pool with operational data. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. Chicago IL.
Levine, M. L., & Williams.,. (1998). Development and evaluation of online calibration procedures (TCN 96-216). Champaign IL: Algorithm Design and Measurement Services, Inc.
Leung, C. - K., Chang, H. - H., & Hau, K. - T.. (2002). Comparing three item selection approaches for computerized adaptive testing with content balancing requirement. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education. New Orleans LA.
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