@article {7,
	title = {Development and preliminary testing of a computerized adaptive assessment of chronic pain},
	journal = {Journal of Pain},
	volume = {10},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Anatchkova, Milena DSaris-Baglama, Renee NKosinski, MarkBjorner, Jakob B1R43AR052251-01A1/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesEvaluation StudiesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesThe journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain SocietyJ Pain. 2009 Sep;10(9):932-43.},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {932-943},
	edition = {2009/07/15},
	abstract = {The aim of this article is to report the development and preliminary testing of a prototype computerized adaptive test of chronic pain (CHRONIC PAIN-CAT) conducted in 2 stages: (1) evaluation of various item selection and stopping rules through real data-simulated administrations of CHRONIC PAIN-CAT; (2) a feasibility study of the actual prototype CHRONIC PAIN-CAT assessment system conducted in a pilot sample. Item calibrations developed from a US general population sample (N = 782) were used to program a pain severity and impact item bank (kappa = 45), and real data simulations were conducted to determine a CAT stopping rule. The CHRONIC PAIN-CAT was programmed on a tablet PC using QualityMetric{\textquoteright}s Dynamic Health Assessment (DYHNA) software and administered to a clinical sample of pain sufferers (n = 100). The CAT was completed in significantly less time than the static (full item bank) assessment (P < .001). On average, 5.6 items were dynamically administered by CAT to achieve a precise score. Scores estimated from the 2 assessments were highly correlated (r = .89), and both assessments discriminated across pain severity levels (P < .001, RV = .95). Patients{\textquoteright} evaluations of the CHRONIC PAIN-CAT were favorable. PERSPECTIVE: This report demonstrates that the CHRONIC PAIN-CAT is feasible for administration in a clinic. The application has the potential to improve pain assessment and help clinicians manage chronic pain.},
	keywords = {*Computers, *Questionnaires, Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Chronic Disease, Cohort Studies, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Pain Measurement/*methods, Pain, Intractable/*diagnosis/psychology, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, User-Computer Interface},
	isbn = {1528-8447 (Electronic)1526-5900 (Linking)},
	author = {Anatchkova, M. D. and Saris-Baglama, R. N. and Kosinski, M. and Bjorner, J. B.}
}
@article {330,
	title = {Item response theory and clinical measurement},
	journal = {Annual Review of Clinical Psychology},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Reise, Steven PWaller, Niels GU01 AR 52177/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralReviewUnited StatesAnnual review of clinical psychologyAnnu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009;5:27-48.},
	pages = {27-48},
	edition = {2008/11/04},
	abstract = {In this review, we examine studies that use item response theory (IRT) to explore the psychometric properties of clinical measures. Next, we consider how IRT has been used in clinical research for: scale linking, computerized adaptive testing, and differential item functioning analysis. Finally, we consider the scale properties of IRT trait scores. We conclude that there are notable differences between cognitive and clinical measures that have relevance for IRT modeling. Future research should be directed toward a better understanding of the metric of the latent trait and the psychological processes that lead to individual differences in item response behaviors.},
	keywords = {*Psychological Theory, Humans, Mental Disorders/diagnosis/psychology, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Questionnaires},
	isbn = {1548-5951 (Electronic)},
	author = {Reise, S. P. and Waller, N. G.}
}
@article {150,
	title = {Computer adaptive testing},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Gershon, Richard CReviewUnited StatesJournal of applied measurementJ Appl Meas. 2005;6(1):109-27.},
	pages = {109-27},
	edition = {2005/02/11},
	abstract = {The creation of item response theory (IRT) and Rasch models, inexpensive accessibility to high speed desktop computers, and the growth of the Internet, has led to the creation and growth of computerized adaptive testing or CAT. This form of assessment is applicable for both high stakes tests such as certification or licensure exams, as well as health related quality of life surveys. This article discusses the historical background of CAT including its many advantages over conventional (typically paper and pencil) alternatives. The process of CAT is then described including descriptions of the specific differences of using CAT based upon 1-, 2- and 3-parameter IRT and various Rasch models. Numerous specific topics describing CAT in practice are described including: initial item selection, content balancing, test difficulty, test length and stopping rules. The article concludes with the author{\textquoteright}s reflections regarding the future of CAT.},
	keywords = {*Internet, *Models, Statistical, *User-Computer Interface, Certification, Health Surveys, Humans, Licensure, Microcomputers, Quality of Life},
	isbn = {1529-7713 (Print)},
	author = {Gershon, R. C.}
}
@booklet {200,
	title = {Practical methods for dealing with {\textquoteright}not applicable{\textquoteright} item responses in the AMC Linear Disability Score project},
	journal = {Health and Quality of Life Outcomes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Holman, RebeccaGlas, Cees A WLindeboom, RobertZwinderman, Aeilko Hde Haan, Rob JEnglandHealth Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Jun 16;2:29.},
	month = {Jun 16},
	pages = {29},
	type = {Comparative StudyResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	edition = {2004/06/18},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Whenever questionnaires are used to collect data on constructs, such as functional status or health related quality of life, it is unlikely that all respondents will respond to all items. This paper examines ways of dealing with responses in a {\textquoteright}not applicable{\textquoteright} category to items included in the AMC Linear Disability Score (ALDS) project item bank. METHODS: The data examined in this paper come from the responses of 392 respondents to 32 items and form part of the calibration sample for the ALDS item bank. The data are analysed using the one-parameter logistic item response theory model. The four practical strategies for dealing with this type of response are: cold deck imputation; hot deck imputation; treating the missing responses as if these items had never been offered to those individual patients; and using a model which takes account of the {\textquoteright}tendency to respond to items{\textquoteright}. RESULTS: The item and respondent population parameter estimates were very similar for the strategies involving hot deck imputation; treating the missing responses as if these items had never been offered to those individual patients; and using a model which takes account of the {\textquoteright}tendency to respond to items{\textquoteright}. The estimates obtained using the cold deck imputation method were substantially different. CONCLUSIONS: The cold deck imputation method was not considered suitable for use in the ALDS item bank. The other three methods described can be usefully implemented in the ALDS item bank, depending on the purpose of the data analysis to be carried out. These three methods may be useful for other data sets examining similar constructs, when item response theory based methods are used.},
	keywords = {*Disability Evaluation, *Health Surveys, *Logistic Models, *Questionnaires, Activities of Daily Living/*classification, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Health Status, Humans, Pilot Projects, Probability, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index},
	isbn = {1477-7525 (Electronic)1477-7525 (Linking)},
	author = {Holman, R. and Glas, C. A. and Lindeboom, R. and Zwinderman, A. H. and de Haan, R. J.}
}
