@article {227,
	title = {An evaluation of patient-reported outcomes found computerized adaptive testing was efficient in assessing stress perception},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
	volume = {62},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Kocalevent, Ruya-DanielaRose, MatthiasBecker, JanineWalter, Otto BFliege, HerbertBjorner, Jakob BKleiber, DieterKlapp, Burghard FEvaluation StudiesUnited StatesJournal of clinical epidemiologyJ Clin Epidemiol. 2009 Mar;62(3):278-87, 287.e1-3. Epub 2008 Jul 18.},
	pages = {278-287},
	edition = {2008/07/22},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a first computerized adaptive test (CAT) for the measurement of stress perception (Stress-CAT), in terms of the two dimensions: exposure to stress and stress reaction. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Item response theory modeling was performed using a two-parameter model (Generalized Partial Credit Model). The evaluation of the Stress-CAT comprised a simulation study and real clinical application. A total of 1,092 psychosomatic patients (N1) were studied. Two hundred simulees (N2) were generated for a simulated response data set. Then the Stress-CAT was given to n=116 inpatients, (N3) together with established stress questionnaires as validity criteria. RESULTS: The final banks included n=38 stress exposure items and n=31 stress reaction items. In the first simulation study, CAT scores could be estimated with a high measurement precision (SE<0.32; rho>0.90) using 7.0+/-2.3 (M+/-SD) stress reaction items and 11.6+/-1.7 stress exposure items. The second simulation study reanalyzed real patients data (N1) and showed an average use of items of 5.6+/-2.1 for the dimension stress reaction and 10.0+/-4.9 for the dimension stress exposure. Convergent validity showed significantly high correlations. CONCLUSIONS: The Stress-CAT is short and precise, potentially lowering the response burden of patients in clinical decision making.},
	keywords = {*Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Confidence Intervals, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perception, Quality of Health Care/*standards, Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress, Psychological/*diagnosis/psychology, Treatment Outcome},
	isbn = {1878-5921 (Electronic)0895-4356 (Linking)},
	author = {Kocalevent, R. D. and Rose, M. and Becker, J. and Walter, O. B. and Fliege, H. and Bjorner, J. B. and Kleiber, D. and Klapp, B. F.}
}
@article {88,
	title = {Assessing self-care and social function using a computer adaptive testing version of the pediatric evaluation of disability inventory},
	journal = {Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation},
	volume = {89},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Coster, Wendy JHaley, Stephen MNi, PengshengDumas, Helene MFragala-Pinkham, Maria AK02 HD45354-01A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesR41 HD052318-01A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesR43 HD42388-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesComparative StudyResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesArchives of physical medicine and rehabilitationArch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Apr;89(4):622-9.},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {622-629},
	edition = {2008/04/01},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine score agreement, validity, precision, and response burden of a prototype computer adaptive testing (CAT) version of the self-care and social function scales of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory compared with the full-length version of these scales. DESIGN: Computer simulation analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal retrospective data; cross-sectional prospective study. SETTING: Pediatric rehabilitation hospital, including inpatient acute rehabilitation, day school program, outpatient clinics; community-based day care, preschool, and children{\textquoteright}s homes. PARTICIPANTS: Children with disabilities (n=469) and 412 children with no disabilities (analytic sample); 38 children with disabilities and 35 children without disabilities (cross-validation sample). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Summary scores from prototype CAT applications of each scale using 15-, 10-, and 5-item stopping rules; scores from the full-length self-care and social function scales; time (in seconds) to complete assessments and respondent ratings of burden. RESULTS: Scores from both computer simulations and field administration of the prototype CATs were highly consistent with scores from full-length administration (r range, .94-.99). Using computer simulation of retrospective data, discriminant validity, and sensitivity to change of the CATs closely approximated that of the full-length scales, especially when the 15- and 10-item stopping rules were applied. In the cross-validation study the time to administer both CATs was 4 minutes, compared with over 16 minutes to complete the full-length scales. CONCLUSIONS: Self-care and social function score estimates from CAT administration are highly comparable with those obtained from full-length scale administration, with small losses in validity and precision and substantial decreases in administration time.},
	keywords = {*Disability Evaluation, *Social Adjustment, Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Computer Simulation, Cross-Over Studies, Disabled Children/*rehabilitation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Self Care/*standards/trends, Sex Factors, Sickness Impact Profile},
	isbn = {1532-821X (Electronic)0003-9993 (Linking)},
	author = {Coster, W. J. and Haley, S. M. and Ni, P. and Dumas, H. M. and Fragala-Pinkham, M. A.}
}
@article {184,
	title = {Simulated computerized adaptive test for patients with shoulder impairments was efficient and produced valid measures of function},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	note = {0895-4356 (Print)Journal ArticleValidation Studies},
	pages = {290-8},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To test unidimensionality and local independence of a set of shoulder functional status (SFS) items, develop a computerized adaptive test (CAT) of the items using a rating scale item response theory model (RSM), and compare discriminant validity of measures generated using all items (theta(IRT)) and measures generated using the simulated CAT (theta(CAT)). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We performed a secondary analysis of data collected prospectively during rehabilitation of 400 patients with shoulder impairments who completed 60 SFS items. RESULTS: Factor analytic techniques supported that the 42 SFS items formed a unidimensional scale and were locally independent. Except for five items, which were deleted, the RSM fit the data well. The remaining 37 SFS items were used to generate the CAT. On average, 6 items were needed to estimate precise measures of function using the SFS CAT, compared with all 37 SFS items. The theta(IRT) and theta(CAT) measures were highly correlated (r = .96) and resulted in similar classifications of patients. CONCLUSION: The simulated SFS CAT was efficient and produced precise, clinically relevant measures of functional status with good discriminating ability.},
	keywords = {*Computer Simulation, *Range of Motion, Articular, Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Shoulder Dislocation/*physiopathology/psychology/rehabilitation, Shoulder Pain/*physiopathology/psychology/rehabilitation, Shoulder/*physiopathology, Sickness Impact Profile, Treatment Outcome},
	author = {Hart, D. L. and Cook, K. F. and Mioduski, J. E. and Teal, C. R. and Crane, P. K.}
}
@article {357,
	title = {Measuring physical function in patients with complex medical and postsurgical conditions: a computer adaptive approach},
	journal = {American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation},
	volume = {84},
	number = {10},
	year = {2005},
	note = {0894-9115 (Print)Comparative StudyJournal ArticleResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {741-8},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the range of disability in the medically complex and postsurgical populations receiving rehabilitation is adequately sampled by the new Activity Measure--Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC), and to assess whether computer adaptive testing (CAT) can derive valid patient scores using fewer questions. DESIGN: Observational study of 158 subjects (mean age 67.2 yrs) receiving skilled rehabilitation services in inpatient (acute rehabilitation hospitals, skilled nursing facility units) and community (home health services, outpatient departments) settings for recent-onset or worsening disability from medical (excluding neurological) and surgical (excluding orthopedic) conditions. Measures were interviewer-administered activity questions (all patients) and physical functioning portion of the SF-36 (outpatients) and standardized chart items (11 Functional Independence Measure (FIM), 19 Standardized Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) items, and 22 Minimum Data Set (MDS) items). Rasch modeling analyzed all data and the relationship between person ability estimates and average item difficulty. CAT assessed the ability to derive accurate patient scores using a sample of questions. RESULTS: The 163-item activity item pool covered the range of physical movement and personal and instrumental activities. CAT analysis showed comparable scores between estimates using 10 items or the total item pool. CONCLUSION: The AM-PAC can assess a broad range of function in patients with complex medical illness. CAT achieves valid patient scores using fewer questions.},
	keywords = {Activities of Daily Living/*classification, Adult, Aged, Cohort Studies, Continuity of Patient Care, Disability Evaluation, Female, Health Services Research, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Care/*rehabilitation, Prognosis, Recovery of Function, Rehabilitation Centers, Rehabilitation/*standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sickness Impact Profile, Treatment Outcome},
	author = {Siebens, H. and Andres, P. L. and Pengsheng, N. and Coster, W. J. and Haley, S. M.}
}
@article {238,
	title = {Item banking to improve, shorten and computerized self-reported fatigue: an illustration of steps to create a core item bank from the FACIT-Fatigue Scale},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {2003},
	note = {0962-9343Journal Article},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {485-501},
	abstract = {Fatigue is a common symptom among cancer patients and the general population. Due to its subjective nature, fatigue has been difficult to effectively and efficiently assess. Modern computerized adaptive testing (CAT) can enable precise assessment of fatigue using a small number of items from a fatigue item bank. CAT enables brief assessment by selecting questions from an item bank that provide the maximum amount of information given a person{\textquoteright}s previous responses. This article illustrates steps to prepare such an item bank, using 13 items from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-F) as the basis. Samples included 1022 cancer patients and 1010 people from the general population. An Item Response Theory (IRT)-based rating scale model, a polytomous extension of the Rasch dichotomous model was utilized. Nine items demonstrating acceptable psychometric properties were selected and positioned on the fatigue continuum. The fatigue levels measured by these nine items along with their response categories covered 66.8\% of the general population and 82.6\% of the cancer patients. Although the operational CAT algorithms to handle polytomously scored items are still in progress, we illustrated how CAT may work by using nine core items to measure level of fatigue. Using this illustration, a fatigue measure comparable to its full-length 13-item scale administration was obtained using four items. The resulting item bank can serve as a core to which will be added a psychometrically sound and operational item bank covering the entire fatigue continuum.},
	keywords = {*Health Status Indicators, *Questionnaires, Adult, Fatigue/*diagnosis/etiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms/complications, Psychometrics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Sickness Impact Profile},
	author = {Lai, J-S. and Crane, P. K. and Cella, D. and Chang, C-H. and Bode, R. K. and Heinemann, A. W.}
}
