@booklet {201,
	title = {The AMC Linear Disability Score project in a population requiring residential care: psychometric properties},
	journal = {Health and Quality of Life Outcomes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Holman, RebeccaLindeboom, RobertVermeulen, Marinusde Haan, Rob JResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tValidation StudiesEnglandHealth and quality of life outcomesHealth Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Aug 3;2:42.},
	month = {Aug 3},
	pages = {42},
	edition = {2004/08/05},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Currently there is a lot of interest in the flexible framework offered by item banks for measuring patient relevant outcomes, including functional status. However, there are few item banks, which have been developed to quantify functional status, as expressed by the ability to perform activities of daily life. METHOD: This paper examines the psychometric properties of the AMC Linear Disability Score (ALDS) project item bank using an item response theory model and full information factor analysis. Data were collected from 555 respondents on a total of 160 items. RESULTS: Following the analysis, 79 items remained in the item bank. The remaining 81 items were excluded because of: difficulties in presentation (1 item); low levels of variation in response pattern (28 items); significant differences in measurement characteristics for males and females or for respondents under or over 85 years old (26 items); or lack of model fit to the data at item level (26 items). CONCLUSIONS: It is conceivable that the item bank will have different measurement characteristics for other patient or demographic populations. However, these results indicate that the ALDS item bank has sound psychometric properties for respondents in residential care settings and could form a stable base for measuring functional status in a range of situations, including the implementation of computerised adaptive testing of functional status.},
	keywords = {*Disability Evaluation, *Health Status Indicators, Activities of Daily Living/*classification, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Data Collection/methods, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Pilot Projects, Probability, Psychometrics/*instrumentation, Questionnaires/standards, Residential Facilities/*utilization, Severity of Illness Index},
	isbn = {1477-7525 (Electronic)1477-7525 (Linking)},
	author = {Holman, R. and Lindeboom, R. and Vermeulen, M. and de Haan, R. J.}
}
@article {338,
	title = {A computerized adaptive knowledge test as an assessment tool in general practice: a pilot study},
	journal = {Medical Teacher},
	volume = {26},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	note = {0142-159xJournal Article},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {178-83},
	abstract = {Advantageous to assessment in many fields, CAT (computerized adaptive testing) use in general practice has been scarce. In adapting CAT to general practice, the basic assumptions of item response theory and the case specificity must be taken into account. In this context, this study first evaluated the feasibility of converting written extended matching tests into CAT. Second, it questioned the content validity of CAT. A stratified sample of students was invited to participate in the pilot study. The items used in this test, together with their parameters, originated from the written test. The detailed test paths of the students were retained and analysed thoroughly. Using the predefined pass-fail standard, one student failed the test. There was a positive correlation between the number of items and the candidate{\textquoteright}s ability level. The majority of students were presented with questions in seven of the 10 existing domains. Although proved to be a feasible test format, CAT cannot substitute for the existing high-stakes large-scale written test. It may provide a reliable instrument for identifying candidates who are at risk of failing in the written test.},
	keywords = {*Computer Systems, Algorithms, Educational Measurement/*methods, Family Practice/*education, Humans, Pilot Projects},
	author = {Roex, A. and Degryse, J.}
}
@article {147,
	title = {Computerized adaptive measurement of depression: A simulation study},
	journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {13-23},
	abstract = {Background: Efficient, accurate instruments for measuring depression are increasingly importantin clinical practice. We developed a computerized adaptive version of the Beck DepressionInventory (BDI). We examined its efficiency and its usefulness in identifying Major DepressiveEpisodes (MDE) and in measuring depression severity.Methods: Subjects were 744 participants in research studies in which each subject completed boththe BDI and the SCID. In addition, 285 patients completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Results: The adaptive BDI had an AUC as an indicator of a SCID diagnosis of MDE of 88\%,equivalent to the full BDI. The adaptive BDI asked fewer questions than the full BDI (5.6 versus 21items). The adaptive latent depression score correlated r = .92 with the BDI total score and thelatent depression score correlated more highly with the Hamilton (r = .74) than the BDI total scoredid (r = .70).Conclusions: Adaptive testing for depression may provide greatly increased efficiency withoutloss of accuracy in identifying MDE or in measuring depression severity.},
	keywords = {*Computer Simulation, Adult, Algorithms, Area Under Curve, Comparative Study, Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Internet, Male, Mass Screening/methods, Patient Selection, Personality Inventory/*statistics \& numerical data, Pilot Projects, Prevalence, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics \& numerical data, Psychometrics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Severity of Illness Index, Software},
	author = {Gardner, W. and Shear, K. and Kelleher, K. J. and Pajer, K. A. and Mammen, O. and Buysse, D. and Frank, E.}
}
@booklet {200,
	title = {Practical methods for dealing with {\textquoteright}not applicable{\textquoteright} item responses in the AMC Linear Disability Score project},
	journal = {Health and Quality of Life Outcomes},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Holman, RebeccaGlas, Cees A WLindeboom, RobertZwinderman, Aeilko Hde Haan, Rob JEnglandHealth Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Jun 16;2:29.},
	month = {Jun 16},
	pages = {29},
	type = {Comparative StudyResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	edition = {2004/06/18},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Whenever questionnaires are used to collect data on constructs, such as functional status or health related quality of life, it is unlikely that all respondents will respond to all items. This paper examines ways of dealing with responses in a {\textquoteright}not applicable{\textquoteright} category to items included in the AMC Linear Disability Score (ALDS) project item bank. METHODS: The data examined in this paper come from the responses of 392 respondents to 32 items and form part of the calibration sample for the ALDS item bank. The data are analysed using the one-parameter logistic item response theory model. The four practical strategies for dealing with this type of response are: cold deck imputation; hot deck imputation; treating the missing responses as if these items had never been offered to those individual patients; and using a model which takes account of the {\textquoteright}tendency to respond to items{\textquoteright}. RESULTS: The item and respondent population parameter estimates were very similar for the strategies involving hot deck imputation; treating the missing responses as if these items had never been offered to those individual patients; and using a model which takes account of the {\textquoteright}tendency to respond to items{\textquoteright}. The estimates obtained using the cold deck imputation method were substantially different. CONCLUSIONS: The cold deck imputation method was not considered suitable for use in the ALDS item bank. The other three methods described can be usefully implemented in the ALDS item bank, depending on the purpose of the data analysis to be carried out. These three methods may be useful for other data sets examining similar constructs, when item response theory based methods are used.},
	keywords = {*Disability Evaluation, *Health Surveys, *Logistic Models, *Questionnaires, Activities of Daily Living/*classification, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Health Status, Humans, Pilot Projects, Probability, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index},
	isbn = {1477-7525 (Electronic)1477-7525 (Linking)},
	author = {Holman, R. and Glas, C. A. and Lindeboom, R. and Zwinderman, A. H. and de Haan, R. J.}
}
