@article {151,
	title = {The use of PROMIS and assessment center to deliver patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {304-314},
	abstract = {The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was developed as one of the first projects funded by the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research Initiative to re-engineer the clinical research enterprise. The primary goal of PROMIS is to build item banks and short forms that measure key health outcome domains that are manifested in a variety of chronic diseases which could be used as a "common currency" across research projects. To date, item banks, short forms and computerized adaptive tests (CAT) have been developed for 13 domains with relevance to pediatric and adult subjects. To enable easy delivery of these new instruments, PROMIS built a web-based resource (Assessment Center) for administering CATs and other self-report data, tracking item and instrument development, monitoring accrual, managing data, and storing statistical analysis results. Assessment Center can also be used to deliver custom researcher developed content, and has numerous features that support both simple and complicated accrual designs (branching, multiple arms, multiple time points, etc.). This paper provides an overview of the development of the PROMIS item banks and details Assessment Center functionality.},
	isbn = {1529-7713},
	author = {Gershon, R. C. and Rothrock, N. and Hanrahan, R. and Bass, M. and Cella, D.}
}
@article {49,
	title = {The future of outcomes measurement: item banking, tailored short-forms, and computerized adaptive assessment},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {16},
	number = {Suppl 1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {133-141},
	abstract = {The use of item banks and computerized adaptive testing (CAT) begins with clear definitions of important outcomes, and references those definitions to specific questions gathered into large and well-studied pools, or {\textquotedblleft}banks{\textquotedblright} of items. Items can be selected from the bank to form customized short scales, or can be administered in a sequence and length determined by a computer programmed for precision and clinical relevance. Although far from perfect, such item banks can form a common definition and understanding of human symptoms and functional problems such as fatigue, pain, depression, mobility, social function, sensory function, and many other health concepts that we can only measure by asking people directly. The support of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as witnessed by its cooperative agreement with measurement experts through the NIH Roadmap Initiative known as PROMIS (www.nihpromis.org), is a big step in that direction. Our approach to item banking and CAT is practical; as focused on application as it is on science or theory. From a practical perspective, we frequently must decide whether to re-write and retest an item, add more items to fill gaps (often at the ceiling of the measure), re-test a bank after some modifications, or split up a bank into units that are more unidimensional, yet less clinically relevant or complete. These decisions are not easy, and yet they are rarely unforgiving. We encourage people to build practical tools that are capable of producing multiple short form measures and CAT administrations from common banks, and to further our understanding of these banks with various clinical populations and ages, so that with time the scores that emerge from these many activities begin to have not only a common metric and range, but a shared meaning and understanding across users. In this paper, we provide an overview of item banking and CAT, discuss our approach to item banking and its byproducts, describe testing options, discuss an example of CAT for fatigue, and discuss models for long term sustainability of an entity such as PROMIS. Some barriers to success include limitations in the methods themselves, controversies and disagreements across approaches, and end-user reluctance to move away from the familiar. },
	isbn = {0962-9343},
	author = {Cella, D. and Gershon, R. C. and Lai, J-S. and Choi, S. W.}
}
@article {51,
	title = {The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years},
	journal = {Medical Care},
	volume = {45},
	number = {5 Suppl 1},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {S3-S11},
	abstract = {The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Roadmap initiative (www.nihpromis.org) is a 5-year cooperative group program of research designed to develop, validate, and standardize item banks to measure patient-reported outcomes (PROs) relevant across common medical conditions. In this article, we will summarize the organization and scientific activity of the PROMIS network during its first 2 years.},
	author = {Cella, D. and Yount, S. and Rothrock, N. and Gershon, R. C. and Cook, K. F. and Reeve, B. and Ader, D. and Fries, J.F. and Bruce, B. and Rose, M.}
}
@article {328,
	title = {Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)},
	journal = {Medical Care},
	volume = {45},
	number = {5 Suppl 1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Reeve, Bryce BHays, Ron DBjorner, Jakob BCook, Karon FCrane, Paul KTeresi, Jeanne AThissen, DavidRevicki, Dennis AWeiss, David JHambleton, Ronald KLiu, HonghuGershon, RichardReise, Steven PLai, Jin-sheiCella, DavidPROMIS Cooperative GroupAG015815/AG/United States NIAResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesMedical careMed Care. 2007 May;45(5 Suppl 1):S22-31.},
	month = {May},
	pages = {S22-31},
	edition = {2007/04/20},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The construction and evaluation of item banks to measure unidimensional constructs of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a fundamental objective of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) project. OBJECTIVES: Item banks will be used as the foundation for developing short-form instruments and enabling computerized adaptive testing. The PROMIS Steering Committee selected 5 HRQOL domains for initial focus: physical functioning, fatigue, pain, emotional distress, and social role participation. This report provides an overview of the methods used in the PROMIS item analyses and proposed calibration of item banks. ANALYSES: Analyses include evaluation of data quality (eg, logic and range checking, spread of response distribution within an item), descriptive statistics (eg, frequencies, means), item response theory model assumptions (unidimensionality, local independence, monotonicity), model fit, differential item functioning, and item calibration for banking. RECOMMENDATIONS: Summarized are key analytic issues; recommendations are provided for future evaluations of item banks in HRQOL assessment.},
	keywords = {*Health Status, *Information Systems, *Quality of Life, *Self Disclosure, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Calibration, Databases as Topic, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Psychometrics, Questionnaires/standards, United States},
	isbn = {0025-7079 (Print)},
	author = {Reeve, B. B. and Hays, R. D. and Bjorner, J. B. and Cook, K. F. and Crane, P. K. and Teresi, J. A. and Thissen, D. and Revicki, D. A. and Weiss,  D. J. and Hambleton, R. K. and Liu, H. and Gershon, R. C. and Reise, S. P. and Lai, J. S. and Cella, D.}
}
@article {162,
	title = {Item banks and their potential applications to health status assessment in diverse populations},
	journal = {Medical Care},
	volume = {44},
	number = {11 Suppl 3},
	year = {2006},
	note = {0025-7079 (Print)Journal ArticleResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {S189-S197},
	abstract = {In the context of an ethnically diverse, aging society, attention is increasingly turning to health-related quality of life measurement to evaluate healthcare and treatment options for chronic diseases. When evaluating and treating symptoms and concerns such as fatigue, pain, or physical function, reliable and accurate assessment is a priority. Modern psychometric methods have enabled us to move from long, static tests that provide inefficient and often inaccurate assessment of individual patients, to computerized adaptive tests (CATs) that can precisely measure individuals on health domains of interest. These modern methods, collectively referred to as item response theory (IRT), can produce calibrated "item banks" from larger pools of questions. From these banks, CATs can be conducted on individuals to produce their scores on selected domains. Item banks allow for comparison of patients across different question sets because the patient{\textquoteright}s score is expressed on a common scale. Other advantages of using item banks include flexibility in terms of the degree of precision desired; interval measurement properties under most circumstances; realistic capability for accurate individual assessment over time (using CAT); and measurement equivalence across different patient populations. This work summarizes the process used in the creation and evaluation of item banks and reviews their potential contributions and limitations regarding outcome assessment and patient care, particularly when they are applied across people of different cultural backgrounds.},
	author = {Hahn, E. A. and Cella, D. and Bode, R. K. and Gershon, R. C. and Lai, J. S.}
}
@article {556,
	title = {Computer adaptive testing},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement },
	volume = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {109-27},
	author = {Gershon, R. C.}
}
@article {150,
	title = {Computer adaptive testing},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Gershon, Richard CReviewUnited StatesJournal of applied measurementJ Appl Meas. 2005;6(1):109-27.},
	pages = {109-27},
	edition = {2005/02/11},
	abstract = {The creation of item response theory (IRT) and Rasch models, inexpensive accessibility to high speed desktop computers, and the growth of the Internet, has led to the creation and growth of computerized adaptive testing or CAT. This form of assessment is applicable for both high stakes tests such as certification or licensure exams, as well as health related quality of life surveys. This article discusses the historical background of CAT including its many advantages over conventional (typically paper and pencil) alternatives. The process of CAT is then described including descriptions of the specific differences of using CAT based upon 1-, 2- and 3-parameter IRT and various Rasch models. Numerous specific topics describing CAT in practice are described including: initial item selection, content balancing, test difficulty, test length and stopping rules. The article concludes with the author{\textquoteright}s reflections regarding the future of CAT.},
	keywords = {*Internet, *Models, Statistical, *User-Computer Interface, Certification, Health Surveys, Humans, Licensure, Microcomputers, Quality of Life},
	isbn = {1529-7713 (Print)},
	author = {Gershon, R. C.}
}
@article {236,
	title = {An item bank was created to improve the measurement of cancer-related fatigue},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
	volume = {58},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Lai, Jin-SheiCella, DavidDineen, KellyBode, RitaVon Roenn, JamieGershon, Richard CShevrin, DanielEnglandJ Clin Epidemiol. 2005 Feb;58(2):190-7.},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {190-7},
	type = {Multicenter Study},
	edition = {2005/02/01},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common unrelieved symptoms experienced by patients. CRF is underrecognized and undertreated due to a lack of clinically sensitive instruments that integrate easily into clinics. Modern computerized adaptive testing (CAT) can overcome these obstacles by enabling precise assessment of fatigue without requiring the administration of a large number of questions. A working item bank is essential for development of a CAT platform. The present report describes the building of an operational item bank for use in clinical settings with the ultimate goal of improving CRF identification and treatment. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The sample included 301 cancer patients. Psychometric properties of items were examined by using Rasch analysis, an Item Response Theory (IRT) model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The final bank includes 72 items. These 72 unidimensional items explained 57.5\% of the variance, based on factor analysis results. Excellent internal consistency (alpha=0.99) and acceptable item-total correlation were found (range: 0.51-0.85). The 72 items covered a reasonable range of the fatigue continuum. No significant ceiling effects, floor effects, or gaps were found. A sample short form was created for demonstration purposes. The resulting bank is amenable to the development of a CAT platform.},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Fatigue/*etiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms/*complications/psychology, Psychometrics, Questionnaires},
	isbn = {0895-4356 (Print)0895-4356 (Linking)},
	author = {Lai, J-S. and Cella, D. and Dineen, K. and Bode, R. and Von Roenn, J. and Gershon, R. C. and Shevrin, D.}
}
@inbook {1770,
	title = {The ABCs of Computerized Adaptive Testing},
	year = {2004},
	address = {T. M. Wood and W. Zhi (Eds.), Measurement issues and practice in physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics.},
	author = {Gershon, R. C.}
}
@article {368,
	title = {CAT administration of language placement examinations},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement},
	volume = {1},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {1529-7713Journal Article},
	pages = {292-302},
	abstract = {This article describes the development of a computerized adaptive test for Cegep de Jonquiere, a community college located in Quebec, Canada. Computerized language proficiency testing allows the simultaneous presentation of sound stimuli as the question is being presented to the test-taker. With a properly calibrated bank of items, the language proficiency test can be offered in an adaptive framework. By adapting the test to the test-taker{\textquoteright}s level of ability, an assessment can be made with significantly fewer items. We also describe our initial attempt to detect instances in which "cheating low" is occurring. In the "cheating low" situation, test-takers deliberately answer questions incorrectly, questions that they are fully capable of answering correctly had they been taking the test honestly.},
	keywords = {*Language, *Software, Aptitude Tests/*statistics \& numerical data, Educational Measurement/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	author = {Stahl, J. and Bergstrom, B. and Gershon, R. C.}
}
@conference {1179,
	title = {CAT administration of language placement exams},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education},
	year = {1999},
	address = {Montreal, Canada},
	author = {Stahl, J. and Gershon, R. C. and Bergstrom, B.}
}
@article {149,
	title = {The effect of individual differences variables on the assessment of ability for Computerized Adaptive Testing},
	journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences \& Engineering},
	volume = {57},
	number = {6-B},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {4085},
	abstract = {Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) continues to gain momentum as the accepted testing modality for a growing number of certification, licensure, education, government and human resource applications. However, the developers of these tests have for the most part failed to adequately explore the impact of individual differences such as test anxiety on the adaptive testing process. It is widely accepted that non-cognitive individual differences variables interact with the assessment of ability when using written examinations. Logic would dictate that individual differences variables would equally affect CAT. Two studies were used to explore this premise. In the first study, 507 examinees were given a test anxiety survey prior to taking a high stakes certification exam using CAT or using a written format. All examinees had already completed their course of study, and the examination would be their last hurdle prior to being awarded certification. High test anxious examinees performed worse than their low anxious counterparts on both testing formats. The second study replicated the finding that anxiety depresses performance in CAT. It also addressed the differential effect of anxiety on within test performance. Examinees were candidates taking their final certification examination following a four year college program. Ability measures were calculated for each successive part of the test for 923 subjects. Within subject performance varied depending upon test position. High anxious examinees performed poorly at all points in the test, while low and medium anxious examinee performance peaked in the middle of the test. If test anxiety and performance measures were actually the same trait, then low anxious individuals should have performed equally well throughout the test. The observed interaction of test anxiety and time on task serves as strong evidence that test anxiety has motivationally mediated as well as cognitively mediated effects. The results of the studies are di (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).},
	keywords = {computerized adaptive testing},
	author = {Gershon, R. C.}
}
@conference {927,
	title = {Does cheating on CAT pay: Not},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
	year = {1995},
	note = {ERIC ED 392 844},
	address = {San Francisco},
	author = {Gershon, R. C. and Bergstrom, B.}
}
@book {1670,
	title = {CAT software system [computer program},
	year = {1994},
	address = {Chicago IL: Computer Adaptive Technologies},
	author = {Gershon, R. C.}
}
@article {629,
	title = {Computer adaptive testing},
	journal = {International journal of Educational Research},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {623-634},
	author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A. and Gershon, R. C.}
}
@conference {846,
	title = {Computerized adaptive testing exploring examinee response time using hierarchical linear modeling},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
	year = {1994},
	note = {ERIC No. ED 400 286).},
	address = {New Orleans LA},
	author = {Bergstrom, B. and Gershon, R. C.}
}
@article {480,
	title = {Computerized adaptive testing for licensure and certification},
	journal = {CLEAR Exam Review},
	volume = {Winter 1994},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {25-27},
	author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Gershon, R. C.}
}
@article {27,
	title = {Altering the level of difficulty in computer adaptive testing},
	journal = {Applied Measurement in Education},
	volume = {5},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Lawrence Erlbaum, US},
	pages = {137-149},
	abstract = {Examines the effect of altering test difficulty on examinee ability measures and test length in a computer adaptive test. The 225 Ss were randomly assigned to 3 test difficulty conditions and given a variable length computer adaptive test. Examinees in the hard, medium, and easy test condition took a test targeted at the 50\%, 60\%, or 70\% probability of correct response. The results show that altering the probability of a correct response does not affect estimation of examinee ability and that taking an easier computer adaptive test only slightly increases the number of items necessary to reach specified levels of precision. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).},
	keywords = {computerized adaptive testing},
	author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Lunz, M. E. and Gershon, R. C.}
}
@conference {845,
	title = {Comparison of item targeting strategies for pass/fail adaptive tests},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
	year = {1992},
	note = {(ERIC NO. ED 400 287).},
	address = {San Francisco CA},
	author = {Bergstrom, B. and Gershon, R. C.}
}
@conference {926,
	title = {Individual differences in computer adaptive testing: Anxiety, computer literacy, and satisfaction},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education.},
	year = {1991},
	author = {Gershon, R. C. and Bergstrom, B.}
}
@proceedings {264,
	title = {Test-retest consistency of computer adaptive tests.},
	journal = {annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education},
	year = {1990},
	month = {04/1990},
	address = {Boston, MA USA},
	author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A. and Gershon, R. C.}
}
@book {1669,
	title = {CAT administrator [Computer program]},
	year = {1989},
	address = {Chicago: Micro Connections},
	author = {Gershon, R. C.}
}
