@article {2611, title = {Measurement efficiency for fixed-precision multidimensional computerized adaptive tests: Comparing health measurement and educational testing using example banks}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, year = {In Press}, author = {Paap, Muirne C. S. and Born, Sebastian and Braeken, Johan} } @article {2752, title = {An Extended Taxonomy of Variants of Computerized Adaptive Testing}, journal = {Journal of Computerized Adaptive Testing}, volume = {10}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Adaptive Testing, evidence-centered design, Item Response Theory, knowledge-based model construction, missingness}, issn = {2165-6592}, doi = {10.7333/2302-100101}, author = {Roy Levy and John T. Behrens and Robert J. Mislevy} } @article {2750, title = {Improving Precision of CAT Measures}, journal = {Journal of Computerized Adaptive Test-ing}, volume = {9}, year = {2022}, month = {10/2022}, pages = {1-7}, keywords = {: dichotomously scored items, option probability theory, scoring methods, subjective probability}, issn = {2165-6592}, doi = {10.7333/2210-0901001}, author = {John J. Barnard} } @article {2737, title = {Efficiency of Targeted Multistage Calibration Designs Under Practical Constraints: A Simulation Study}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {56}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, pages = {121-146}, abstract = {Abstract Calibration of an item bank for computer adaptive testing requires substantial resources. In this study, we investigated whether the efficiency of calibration under the Rasch model could be enhanced by improving the match between item difficulty and student ability. We introduced targeted multistage calibration designs, a design type that considers ability-related background variables and performance for assigning students to suitable items. Furthermore, we investigated whether uncertainty about item difficulty could impair the assembling of efficient designs. The results indicated that targeted multistage calibration designs were more efficient than ordinary targeted designs under optimal conditions. Limited knowledge about item difficulty reduced the efficiency of one of the two investigated targeted multistage calibration designs, whereas targeted designs were more robust.}, doi = {10.1111/jedm.12203}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jedm.12203}, author = {Berger, St{\'e}phanie and Verschoor, Angela J. and Eggen, Theo J. H. M. and Moser, Urs} } @article {2695, title = {Measurement Efficiency for Fixed-Precision Multidimensional Computerized Adaptive Tests: Comparing Health Measurement and Educational Testing Using Example Banks}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, year = {2019}, pages = {68-83}, abstract = {It is currently not entirely clear to what degree the research on multidimensional computerized adaptive testing (CAT) conducted in the field of educational testing can be generalized to fields such as health assessment, where CAT design factors differ considerably from those typically used in educational testing. In this study, the impact of a number of important design factors on CAT performance is systematically evaluated, using realistic example item banks for two main scenarios: health assessment (polytomous items, small to medium item bank sizes, high discrimination parameters) and educational testing (dichotomous items, large item banks, small- to medium-sized discrimination parameters). Measurement efficiency is evaluated for both between-item multidimensional CATs and separate unidimensional CATs for each latent dimension. In this study, we focus on fixed-precision (variable-length) CATs because it is both feasible and desirable in health settings, but so far most research regarding CAT has focused on fixed-length testing. This study shows that the benefits associated with fixed-precision multidimensional CAT hold under a wide variety of circumstances.}, doi = {10.1177/0146621618765719}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621618765719}, author = {Muirne C. S. Paap and Sebastian Born and Johan Braeken} } @article {2673, title = {Adaptive Item Selection Under Matroid Constraints}, journal = {Journal of Computerized Adaptive Testing}, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, pages = {15-36}, doi = {10.7333/1808-0602015}, url = {http://www.iacat.org/jcat/index.php/jcat/article/view/64/32}, author = {Daniel Bengs and Ulf Brefeld and Ulf Kr{\"o}hne} } @article {2687, title = {From Simulation to Implementation: Two CAT Case Studies}, journal = {Practical Assessment, Research \& Evaluation }, volume = {23}, year = {2018}, url = {http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=23\&n=14}, author = {John J Barnard} } @article {2685, title = {Implementing Three CATs Within Eighteen Months}, journal = {Journal of Computerized Adaptive Testing}, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, month = {09/2018}, pages = {38-55}, doi = {10.7333/1809-060338}, url = {http://iacat.org/jcat/index.php/jcat/article/view/70/33}, author = {Christian Spoden and Andreas Frey and Raphael Bernhardt} } @article {2610, title = {Some recommendations for developing multidimensional computerized adaptive tests for patient-reported outcomes}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {Apr}, pages = {1055{\textendash}1063}, abstract = {Multidimensional item response theory and computerized adaptive testing (CAT) are increasingly used in mental health, quality of life (QoL), and patient-reported outcome measurement. Although multidimensional assessment techniques hold promises, they are more challenging in their application than unidimensional ones. The authors comment on minimal standards when developing multidimensional CATs.}, issn = {1573-2649}, doi = {10.1007/s11136-018-1821-8}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1821-8}, author = {Smits, Niels and Paap, Muirne C. S. and B{\"o}hnke, Jan R.} } @article {2600, title = {ATS-PD: An Adaptive Testing System for Psychological Disorders}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {77}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, pages = {792-815}, abstract = {The clinical assessment of mental disorders can be a time-consuming and error-prone procedure, consisting of a sequence of diagnostic hypothesis formulation and testing aimed at restricting the set of plausible diagnoses for the patient. In this article, we propose a novel computerized system for the adaptive testing of psychological disorders. The proposed system combines a mathematical representation of psychological disorders, known as the {\textquotedblleft}formal psychological assessment,{\textquotedblright} with an algorithm designed for the adaptive assessment of an individual{\textquoteright}s knowledge. The assessment algorithm is extended and adapted to the new application domain. Testing the system on a real sample of 4,324 healthy individuals, screened for obsessive-compulsive disorder, we demonstrate the system{\textquoteright}s ability to support clinical testing, both by identifying the correct critical areas for each individual and by reducing the number of posed questions with respect to a standard written questionnaire.}, doi = {10.1177/0013164416652188}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164416652188}, author = {Ivan Donadello and Andrea Spoto and Francesco Sambo and Silvana Badaloni and Umberto Granziol and Giulio Vidotto} } @conference {2652, title = {Efficiency of Targeted Multistage Calibration Designs under Practical Constraints: A Simulation Study}, booktitle = {IACAT 2017 Conference}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, publisher = {Niigata Seiryo University}, organization = {Niigata Seiryo University}, address = {Niigata, Japan}, abstract = {

Calibration of an item bank for computer adaptive testing requires substantial resources. In this study, we focused on two related research questions. First, we investigated whether the efficiency of item calibration under the Rasch model could be enhanced by calibration designs that optimize the match between item difficulty and student ability (Berger, 1991). Therefore, we introduced targeted multistage calibration designs, a design type that refers to a combination of traditional targeted calibration designs and multistage designs. As such, targeted multistage calibration designs consider ability-related background variables (e.g., grade in school), as well as performance (i.e., outcome of a preceding test stage) for assigning students to suitable items.

Second, we explored how limited a priori knowledge about item difficulty affects the efficiency of both targeted calibration designs and targeted multistage calibration designs. When arranging items within a given calibration design, test developers need to know the item difficulties to locate items optimally within the design. However, usually, no empirical information about item difficulty is available before item calibration. Owing to missing empirical data, test developers might fail to assign all items to the most suitable location within a calibration design.

Both research questions were addressed in a simulation study in which we varied the calibration design, as well as the accuracy of item distribution across the different booklets or modules within each design (i.e., number of misplaced items). The results indicated that targeted multistage calibration designs were more efficient than ordinary targeted designs under optimal conditions. Especially, targeted multistage calibration designs provided more accurate estimates for very easy and 52 IACAT 2017 ABSTRACTS BOOKLET very difficult items. Limited knowledge about item difficulty during test construction impaired the efficiency of all designs. The loss of efficiency was considerably large for one of the two investigated targeted multistage calibration designs, whereas targeted designs were more robust.

References

Berger, M. P. F. (1991). On the efficiency of IRT models when applied to different sampling designs. Applied Psychological Measurement, 15(3), 293\–306. doi:10.1177/014662169101500310

Session Video

}, keywords = {CAT, Efficiency, Multistage Calibration}, url = {https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ko2LuiARKqsjL_6aupO4Pj9zgk6p_xhd/view?usp=sharing}, author = {Stephanie Berger and Angela J. Verschoor and Theo Eggen and Urs Moser} } @conference {2631, title = {Generating Rationales to Support Formative Feedback in Adaptive Testing}, booktitle = {IACAT 2017 Conference}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, publisher = {Niigata Seiryo University}, organization = {Niigata Seiryo University}, address = {Niigata, Japan}, abstract = {

Computer adaptive testing offers many important benefits to support and promote life-long learning. Computers permit testing on-demand thereby allowing students to take the test at any time during instruction; items on computerized tests are scored immediately thereby providing students with instant feedback; computerized tests permit continuous administration thereby allowing students to have more choice about when they write their exams. But despite these important benefits, the advent of computer adaptive testing has also raised formidable challenges, particularly in the area of item development. Educators must have access to large numbers of diverse, high-quality test items to implement computerize adaptive testing because items are continuously administered to students. Hence, hundreds or even thousands of items are needed to develop the test item banks necessary for computer adaptive testing. Unfortunately, educational test items, as they are currently created, are time consuming and expensive to develop because each individual item is written, initially, by a content specialist and, then, reviewed, edited, and revised by groups of content specialists to ensure the items yield reliable and valid information. Hence, item development is one of the most important problems that must be solved before we can migrate to computer adaptive testing to support life-long learning because large numbers of high-quality, content-specific, test items are required.

One promising item development method that may be used to address this challenge is with automatic item generation. Automatic item generation is a relatively new but rapidly evolving research area where cognitive and psychometric modelling practices are used produce hundreds of new test items with the aid of computer technology. The purpose of our presentation is to describe a new methodology for generating both the items and the rationales required to solve each generated item in order to produce the feedback needed to support life-long learning. Our item generation methodology will first be described. To ensure our description is practical, the method will also be demonstrated using generated items from the health sciences to demonstrate how item generation can promote life-long learning for medical educators and practitioners.

Session Video

}, keywords = {Adaptive Testing, formative feedback, Item generation}, url = {https://drive.google.com/open?id=1O5KDFtQlDLvhNoDr7X4JO4arpJkIHKUP}, author = {Mark Gierl and Okan Bulut} } @article {2519, title = {Heuristic Constraint Management Methods in Multidimensional Adaptive Testing}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {77}, number = {2}, year = {2017}, pages = {241-262}, abstract = {Although multidimensional adaptive testing (MAT) has been proven to be highly advantageous with regard to measurement efficiency when several highly correlated dimensions are measured, there are few operational assessments that use MAT. This may be due to issues of constraint management, which is more complex in MAT than it is in unidimensional adaptive testing. Very few studies have examined the performance of existing constraint management methods (CMMs) in MAT. The present article focuses on the effectiveness of two promising heuristic CMMs in MAT for varying levels of imposed constraints and for various correlations between the measured dimensions. Through a simulation study, the multidimensional maximum priority index (MMPI) and multidimensional weighted penalty model (MWPM), as an extension of the weighted penalty model, are examined with regard to measurement precision and constraint violations. The results show that both CMMs are capable of addressing complex constraints in MAT. However, measurement precision losses were found to differ between the MMPI and MWPM. While the MMPI appears to be more suitable for use in assessment situations involving few to a moderate number of constraints, the MWPM should be used when numerous constraints are involved.}, doi = {10.1177/0013164416643744}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164416643744}, author = {Sebastian Born and Andreas Frey} } @conference {2643, title = {A Large-Scale Progress Monitoring Application with Computerized Adaptive Testing}, booktitle = {IACAT 2017 Conference}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, publisher = {Niigata Seiryo University}, organization = {Niigata Seiryo University}, address = {Niigata, Japan}, abstract = {

Many conventional assessment tools are available to teachers in schools for monitoring student progress in a formative manner. The outcomes of these assessment tools are essential to teachers\’ instructional modifications and schools\’ data-driven educational strategies, such as using remedial activities and planning instructional interventions for students with learning difficulties. When measuring student progress toward instructional goals or outcomes, assessments should be not only considerably precise but also sensitive to individual change in learning. Unlike conventional paper-pencil assessments that are usually not appropriate for every student, computerized adaptive tests (CATs) are highly capable of estimating growth consistently with minimum and consistent error. Therefore, CATs can be used as a progress monitoring tool in measuring student growth.

This study focuses on an operational CAT assessment that has been used for measuring student growth in reading during the academic school year. The sample of this study consists of nearly 7 million students from the 1st grade to the 12th grade in the US. The students received a CAT-based reading assessment periodically during the school year. The purpose of these periodical assessments is to measure the growth in students\’ reading achievement and identify the students who may need additional instructional support (e.g., academic interventions). Using real data, this study aims to address the following research questions: (1) How many CAT administrations are necessary to make psychometrically sound decisions about the need for instructional changes in the classroom or when to provide academic interventions?; (2) What is the ideal amount of time between CAT administrations to capture student growth for the purpose of producing meaningful decisions from assessment results?

To address these research questions, we first used the Theil-Sen estimator for robustly fitting a regression line to each student\’s test scores obtained from a series of CAT administrations. Next, we\ used the conditional standard error of measurement (cSEM) from the CAT administrations to create an error band around the Theil-Sen slope (i.e., student growth rate). This process resulted in the normative slope values across all the grade levels. The optimal number of CAT administrations was established from grade-level regression results. The amount of time needed for progress monitoring was determined by calculating the amount of time required for a student to show growth beyond the median cSEM value for each grade level. The results showed that the normative slope values were the highest for lower grades and declined steadily as grade level increased. The results also suggested that the CAT-based reading assessment is most useful for grades 1 through 4, since most struggling readers requiring an intervention appear to be within this grade range. Because CAT yielded very similar cSEM values across administrations, the amount of error in the progress monitoring decisions did not seem to depend on the number of CAT administrations.

Session Video

}, keywords = {CAT, Large-Scale tests, Process monitoring}, url = {https://drive.google.com/open?id=1uGbCKenRLnqTxImX1fZicR2c7GRV6Udc}, author = {Okan Bulut and Damien Cormier} } @conference {2661, title = {Using Computerized Adaptive Testing to Detect Students{\textquoteright} Misconceptions: Exploration of Item Selection}, booktitle = {IACAT 2017 Conference}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, publisher = {Niigata Seiryo University}, organization = {Niigata Seiryo University}, address = {Niigata, Japan}, abstract = {

Owning misconceptions impedes learning, thus detecting misconceptions through assessments is crucial to facilitate teaching. However, most computerized adaptive testing (CAT) applications to diagnose examinees\’ attribute profiles focus on whether examinees mastering correct concepts or not. In educational scenario, teachers and students have to figure out the misconceptions underlying incorrect answers after obtaining the scores from assessments and then correct the corresponding misconceptions. The Scaling Individuals and Classifying Misconceptions (SICM) models proposed by Bradshaw and Templin (2014) fill this gap. SICMs can identify a student\’s misconceptions directly from the distractors of multiple-choice questions and report whether s/he own the misconceptions or not. Simultaneously, SICM models are able to estimate a continuous ability within the item response theory (IRT) framework to fulfill the needs of policy-driven assessment systems relying on scaling examinees\’ ability. However, the advantage of providing estimations for two types of latent variables also causes complexity of model estimation. More items are required to achieve the same accuracies for both classification and estimation compared to dichotomous DCMs and to IRT, respectively. Thus, we aim to develop a CAT using the SICM models (SICM-CAT) to estimate students\’ misconceptions and continuous abilities simultaneously using fewer items than a linear test.

To achieve this goal, in this study, our research questions mainly focus on establishing several item selection rules that target on providing both accurate classification results and continuous ability estimations using SICM-CAT. The first research question is which information criterion to be used. The Kullback\–Leibler (KL) divergence is the first choice, as it can naturally combine the continuous and discrete latent variables. Based on this criterion, we propose an item selection index that can nicely integrate the two types of information. Based on this index, the items selected in real time could discriminate the examinee\’s current misconception profile and ability estimates from other possible estimates to the most extent. The second research question is about how to adaptively balance the estimations of the misconception profile and the continuous latent ability. Mimic the idea of the Hybrid Design proposed by Wang et al. (2016), we propose a design framework which makes the item selection transition from the group-level to the item-level. We aim to explore several design questions, such as how to select the transiting point and which latent variable estimation should be targeted first.

Preliminary results indicated that the SICM-CAT based on the proposed item selection index could classify examinees into different latent classes and measure their latent abilities compared with the random selection method more accurately and reliably under all the simulation conditions. We plan to compare different CAT designs based on our proposed item selection rules with the best linear test as the next step. We expect that the SICM-CAT is able to use shorter test length while retaining the same accuracies and reliabilities.

References

Bradshaw, L., \& Templin, J. (2014). Combining item response theory and diagnostic classification models: A psychometric model for scaling ability and diagnosing misconceptions. Psychometrika, 79(3), 403-425.

Wang, S., Lin, H., Chang, H. H., \& Douglas, J. (2016). Hybrid computerized adaptive testing: from group sequential design to fully sequential design. Journal of Educational Measurement, 53(1), 45-62.

Session Video

}, keywords = {CAT, incorrect answering, Student Misconception}, author = {Yawei Shen and Yu Bao and Shiyu Wang and Laine Bradshaw} } @article {2616, title = {The validation of a computer-adaptive test (CAT) for assessing health-related quality of life in children and adolescents in a clinical sample: study design, methods and first results of the Kids-CAT study}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {26}, number = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {May}, pages = {1105{\textendash}1117}, abstract = {Recently, we developed a computer-adaptive test (CAT) for assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents: the Kids-CAT. It measures five generic HRQoL dimensions. The aims of this article were (1) to present the study design and (2) to investigate its psychometric properties in a clinical setting.}, issn = {1573-2649}, doi = {10.1007/s11136-016-1437-9}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1437-9}, author = {Barthel, D. and Otto, C. and Nolte, S. and Meyrose, A.-K. and Fischer, F. and Devine, J. and Walter, O. and Mierke, A. and Fischer, K. I. and Thyen, U. and Klein, M. and Ankermann, T. and Rose, M. and Ravens-Sieberer, U.} } @article {2455, title = {Implementing a CAT: The AMC Experience }, journal = {Journal of Computerized Adaptive Testing}, volume = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {1-12}, type = {Applications and Implementations}, keywords = {adaptive, Assessment, computer, medical, online, Testing}, issn = {2165-6592}, doi = {10.7333/15100301001}, url = {http://www.iacat.org/jcat/index.php/jcat/article/view/52/25}, author = {Barnard, John J} } @article {2457, title = {Investigation of Response Changes in the GRE Revised General Test}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {75}, number = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {1002-1020}, abstract = {Research on examinees{\textquoteright} response changes on multiple-choice tests over the past 80 years has yielded some consistent findings, including that most examinees make score gains by changing answers. This study expands the research on response changes by focusing on a high-stakes admissions test{\textemdash}the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures of the GRE revised General Test. We analyzed data from 8,538 examinees for Quantitative and 9,140 for Verbal sections who took the GRE revised General Test in 12 countries. The analyses yielded findings consistent with prior research. In addition, as examinees{\textquoteright} ability increases, the benefit of response changing increases. The study yielded significant implications for both test agencies and test takers. Computer adaptive tests often do not allow the test takers to review and revise. Findings from this study confirm the benefit of such features.}, doi = {10.1177/0013164415573988}, url = {http://epm.sagepub.com/content/75/6/1002.abstract}, author = {Liu, Ou Lydia and Bridgeman, Brent and Gu, Lixiong and Xu, Jun and Kong, Nan} } @article {2393, title = {New Item Selection Methods for Cognitive Diagnosis Computerized Adaptive Testing}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, year = {2015}, pages = {167-188}, abstract = {This article introduces two new item selection methods, the modified posterior-weighted Kullback{\textendash}Leibler index (MPWKL) and the generalized deterministic inputs, noisy {\textquotedblleft}and{\textquotedblright} gate (G-DINA) model discrimination index (GDI), that can be used in cognitive diagnosis computerized adaptive testing. The efficiency of the new methods is compared with the posterior-weighted Kullback{\textendash}Leibler (PWKL) item selection index using a simulation study in the context of the G-DINA model. The impact of item quality, generating models, and test termination rules on attribute classification accuracy or test length is also investigated. The results of the study show that the MPWKL and GDI perform very similarly, and have higher correct attribute classification rates or shorter mean test lengths compared with the PWKL. In addition, the GDI has the shortest implementation time among the three indices. The proportion of item usage with respect to the required attributes across the different conditions is also tracked and discussed.}, doi = {10.1177/0146621614554650}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/39/3/167.abstract}, author = {Kaplan, Mehmet and de la Torre, Jimmy and Barrada, Juan Ram{\'o}n} } @article {2394, title = {Stochastic Curtailment in Adaptive Mastery Testing: Improving the Efficiency of Confidence Interval{\textendash}Based Stopping Rules}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {39}, number = {4}, year = {2015}, pages = {278-292}, abstract = {A well-known stopping rule in adaptive mastery testing is to terminate the assessment once the examinee{\textquoteright}s ability confidence interval lies entirely above or below the cut-off score. This article proposes new procedures that seek to improve such a variable-length stopping rule by coupling it with curtailment and stochastic curtailment. Under the new procedures, test termination can occur earlier if the probability is high enough that the current classification decision remains the same should the test continue. Computation of this probability utilizes normality of an asymptotically equivalent version of the maximum likelihood ability estimate. In two simulation sets, the new procedures showed a substantial reduction in average test length while maintaining similar classification accuracy to the original method.}, doi = {10.1177/0146621614561314}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/39/4/278.abstract}, author = {Sie, Haskell and Finkelman, Matthew D. and Bartroff, Jay and Thompson, Nathan A.} } @article {2322, title = {A Comparison of Multi-Stage and Linear Test Designs for Medium-Size Licensure and Certification Examinations}, journal = {Journal of Computerized Adaptive Testing}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, month = {02-2014}, pages = {18-36}, doi = {10.7333/1402-0202018}, author = {Brossman, Bradley. G. and Guille, R.A.} } @article {2345, title = {Detecting Item Preknowledge in Computerized Adaptive Testing Using Information Theory and Combinatorial Optimization}, journal = {Journal of Computerized Adaptive Testing}, volume = {2}, year = {2014}, pages = {37-58}, keywords = {combinatorial optimization, hypothesis testing, item preknowledge, Kullback-Leibler divergence, simulated annealing., test security}, issn = {2165-6592}, doi = {10.7333/1410-0203037}, url = {http://www.iacat.org/jcat/index.php/jcat/article/view/36/18}, author = {Belov, D. I.} } @article {2293, title = {A Comparison of Exposure Control Procedures in CAT Systems Based on Different Measurement Models for Testlets}, journal = {Applied Measurement in Education}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {113-135}, doi = {10.1080/08957347.2013.765434}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08957347.2013.765434}, author = {Boyd, Aimee M. and Dodd, Barbara and Fitzpatrick, Steven} } @article {2281, title = {Deriving Stopping Rules for Multidimensional Computerized Adaptive Testing}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {37}, number = {2}, year = {2013}, pages = {99-122}, abstract = {

Multidimensional computerized adaptive testing (MCAT) is able to provide a vector of ability estimates for each examinee, which could be used to provide a more informative profile of an examinee\’s performance. The current literature on MCAT focuses on the fixed-length tests, which can generate less accurate results for those examinees whose abilities are quite different from the average difficulty level of the item bank when there are only a limited number of items in the item bank. Therefore, instead of stopping the test with a predetermined fixed test length, the authors use a more informative stopping criterion that is directly related to measurement accuracy. Specifically, this research derives four stopping rules that either quantify the measurement precision of the ability vector (i.e., minimum determinant rule [D-rule], minimum eigenvalue rule [E-rule], and maximum trace rule [T-rule]) or quantify the amount of available information carried by each item (i.e., maximum Kullback\–Leibler divergence rule [K-rule]). The simulation results showed that all four stopping rules successfully terminated the test when the mean squared error of ability estimation is within a desired range, regardless of examinees\’ true abilities. It was found that when using the D-, E-, or T-rule, examinees with extreme abilities tended to have tests that were twice as long as the tests received by examinees with moderate abilities. However, the test length difference with K-rule is not very dramatic, indicating that K-rule may not be very sensitive to measurement precision. In all cases, the cutoff value for each stopping rule needs to be adjusted on a case-by-case basis to find an optimal solution.

}, doi = {10.1177/0146621612463422}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/37/2/99.abstract}, author = {Wang, Chun and Chang, Hua-Hua and Boughton, Keith A.} } @article {2280, title = {Termination Criteria in Computerized Adaptive Tests: Do Variable-Length CATs Provide Efficient and Effective Measurement?}, journal = {Journal of Computerized Adaptive Testing}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {1-18}, issn = {2165-6592}, doi = {10.7333/1212-0101001}, author = {Babcock, B. and Weiss, D. J.} } @article {283, title = {Content range and precision of a computer adaptive test of upper extremity function for children with cerebral palsy}, journal = {Physical \& Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {Montpetit, KathleenHaley, StephenBilodeau, NathalieNi, PengshengTian, FengGorton, George 3rdMulcahey, M JEnglandPhys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2011 Feb;31(1):90-102. Epub 2010 Oct 13.}, pages = {90-102}, edition = {2010/10/15}, abstract = {This article reports on the content range and measurement precision of an upper extremity (UE) computer adaptive testing (CAT) platform of physical function in children with cerebral palsy. Upper extremity items representing skills of all abilities were administered to 305 parents. These responses were compared with two traditional standardized measures: Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument and Functional Independence Measure for Children. The UE CAT correlated strongly with the upper extremity component of these measures and had greater precision when describing individual functional ability. The UE item bank has wider range with items populating the lower end of the ability spectrum. This new UE item bank and CAT have the capability to quickly assess children of all ages and abilities with good precision and, most importantly, with items that are meaningful and appropriate for their age and level of physical function.}, isbn = {1541-3144 (Electronic)0194-2638 (Linking)}, author = {Montpetit, K. and Haley, S. and Bilodeau, N. and Ni, P. and Tian, F. and Gorton, G., 3rd and Mulcahey, M. J.} } @conference {2090, title = {Moving beyond Efficiency to Allow CAT to Provide Better Diagnostic Information}, booktitle = {Annual Conference of the International Association for Computerized Adaptive Testing}, year = {2011}, month = {10/2011}, abstract = {
Future CATs will provide better diagnostic information to
\–Examinees
\–Regulators, Educators, Employers
\–Test Developers
This goal will be accomplished by
\–Smart CATs which collect additional information during the test
\–Psychomagic
The time is now for Reporting
}, keywords = {CAT, dianostic information, MIRT, Multiple unidimensional scales, psychomagic, smart CAT}, author = {Brian D. Bontempo} } @article {2192, title = {Polytomous Adaptive Classification Testing: Effects of Item Pool Size, Test Termination Criterion, and Number of Cutscores}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {71}, number = {6}, year = {2011}, pages = {1006-1022}, abstract = {

Computer-adaptive classification tests focus on classifying respondents in different proficiency groups (e.g., for pass/fail decisions). To date, adaptive classification testing has been dominated by research on dichotomous response formats and classifications in two groups. This article extends this line of research to polytomous classification tests for two- and three-group scenarios (e.g., inferior, mediocre, and superior proficiencies). Results of two simulation experiments with generated and real responses (N = 2,000) to established personality scales of different length (12, 20, or 29 items) demonstrate that adaptive item presentations significantly reduce the number of items required to make such classification decisions while maintaining a consistent classification accuracy. Furthermore, the simulations highlight the importance of the selected test termination criterion, which has a significant impact on the average test length.

}, doi = {10.1177/0013164410393956}, url = {http://epm.sagepub.com/content/71/6/1006.abstract}, author = {Gnambs, Timo and Batinic, Bernad} } @article {2243, title = {Using Item Response Theory and Adaptive Testing in Online Career Assessment}, journal = {Journal of Career Assessment}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {274-286}, abstract = {

The present article describes the potential utility of item response theory (IRT) and adaptive testing for scale evaluation and for web-based career assessment. The article describes the principles of both IRT and adaptive testing and then illustrates these with reference to data analyses and simulation studies of the Career Confidence Inventory (CCI). The kinds of information provided by IRT are shown to give a more precise look at scale quality across the trait continuum and also to permit the use of adaptive testing, where the items administered are tailored to the individual being tested. Such tailoring can significantly reduce testing time while maintaining high quality of measurement. This efficiency is especially useful when multiscale inventories and/or a large number of scales are to be administered. Readers are encouraged to consider using these advances in career assessment.

}, doi = {10.1177/1069072710395534}, url = {http://jca.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/274}, author = {Betz, Nancy E. and Turner, Brandon M.} } @inbook {2061, title = {Assembling an Inventory of Multistage Adaptive Testing Systems}, booktitle = {Elements of Adaptive Testing}, year = {2010}, pages = {247-266}, chapter = {13}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-85461-8}, author = {Breithaupt, K and Ariel, A. and Hare, D. R.} } @inbook {2057, title = {Designing and Implementing a Multistage Adaptive Test: The Uniform CPA Exam}, booktitle = {Elements of Adaptive Testing}, year = {2010}, pages = {167-190}, chapter = {9}, doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-85461-8}, author = {Melican, G.J. and Breithaupt, K and Zhang, Y.} } @article {2, title = {Deterioro de par{\'a}metros de los {\'\i}tems en tests adaptativos informatizados: estudio con eCAT [Item parameter drift in computerized adaptive testing: Study with eCAT]}, journal = {Psicothema}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {Abad, Francisco JOlea, JulioAguado, DavidPonsoda, VicenteBarrada, Juan REnglish AbstractSpainPsicothemaPsicothema. 2010 May;22(2):340-7.}, pages = {340-7}, edition = {2010/04/29}, abstract = {

En el presente trabajo se muestra el an\álisis realizado sobre un Test Adaptativo Informatizado (TAI) dise\ñado para la evaluaci\ón del nivel de ingl\és, denominado eCAT, con el objetivo de estudiar el deterioro de par\ámetros (parameter drift) producido desde la calibraci\ón inicial del banco de \ítems. Se ha comparado la calibraci\ón original desarrollada para la puesta en servicio del TAI (N= 3224) y la calibraci\ón actual obtenida con las aplicaciones reales del TAI (N= 7254). Se ha analizado el Funcionamiento Diferencial de los \Ítems (FDI) en funci\ón de los par\ámetros utilizados y se ha simulado el impacto que sobre el nivel de rasgo estimado tiene la variaci\ón en los par\ámetros. Los resultados muestran que se produce especialmente un deterioro de los par\ámetros a y c, que hay unimportante n\úmero de \ítems del banco para los que existe FDI y que la variaci\ón de los par\ámetros produce un impacto moderado en la estimaci\ón de \θ de los evaluados con nivel de ingl\és alto. Se concluye que los par\ámetros de los \ítems se han deteriorado y deben ser actualizados.Item parameter drift in computerized adaptive testing: Study with eCAT. This study describes the parameter drift analysis conducted on eCAT (a Computerized Adaptive Test to assess the written English level of Spanish speakers). The original calibration of the item bank (N = 3224) was compared to a new calibration obtained from the data provided by most eCAT operative administrations (N =7254). A Differential Item Functioning (DIF) study was conducted between the original and the new calibrations. The impact that the new parameters have on the trait level estimates was obtained by simulation. Results show that parameter drift is found especially for a and c parameters, an important number of bank items show DIF, and the parameter change has a moderate impact on high-level-English \θ estimates. It is then recommended to replace the original estimates by the new set. by the new set.

}, keywords = {*Software, Educational Measurement/*methods/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Language}, isbn = {0214-9915 (Print)0214-9915 (Linking)}, author = {Abad, F. J. and Olea, J. and Aguado, D. and Ponsoda, V. and Barrada, J} } @article {46, title = {Development and validation of patient-reported outcome measures for sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairments}, journal = {Sleep}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Buysse, Daniel JYu, LanMoul, Douglas EGermain, AnneStover, AngelaDodds, Nathan EJohnston, Kelly LShablesky-Cade, Melissa APilkonis, Paul AAR052155/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesU01AR52155/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesU01AR52158/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesU01AR52170/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesU01AR52171/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesU01AR52177/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesU01AR52181/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesU01AR52186/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralValidation StudiesUnited StatesSleepSleep. 2010 Jun 1;33(6):781-92.}, month = {Jun 1}, pages = {781-92}, edition = {2010/06/17}, abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVES: To develop an archive of self-report questions assessing sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairments (SRI), to develop item banks from this archive, and to validate and calibrate the item banks using classic validation techniques and item response theory analyses in a sample of clinical and community participants. DESIGN: Cross-sectional self-report study. SETTING: Academic medical center and participant homes. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand nine hundred ninety-three adults recruited from an Internet polling sample and 259 adults recruited from medical, psychiatric, and sleep clinics. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: This study was part of PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System), a National Institutes of Health Roadmap initiative. Self-report item banks were developed through an iterative process of literature searches, collecting and sorting items, expert content review, qualitative patient research, and pilot testing. Internal consistency, convergent validity, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were examined in the resulting item banks. Factor analyses identified 2 preliminary item banks, sleep disturbance and SRI. Item response theory analyses and expert content review narrowed the item banks to 27 and 16 items, respectively. Validity of the item banks was supported by moderate to high correlations with existing scales and by significant differences in sleep disturbance and SRI scores between participants with and without sleep disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The PROMIS sleep disturbance and SRI item banks have excellent measurement properties and may prove to be useful for assessing general aspects of sleep and SRI with various groups of patients and interventions.}, keywords = {*Outcome Assessment (Health Care), *Self Disclosure, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Sleep Disorders/*diagnosis, Young Adult}, isbn = {0161-8105 (Print)0161-8105 (Linking)}, author = {Buysse, D. J. and Yu, L. and Moul, D. E. and Germain, A. and Stover, A. and Dodds, N. E. and Johnston, K. L. and Shablesky-Cade, M. A. and Pilkonis, P. A.} } @article {32, title = {Features of the sampling distribution of the ability estimate in computerized adaptive testing according to two stopping rules}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, note = {Blais, Jean-GuyRaiche, GillesUnited StatesJournal of applied measurementJ Appl Meas. 2010;11(4):424-31.}, pages = {424-31}, edition = {2010/12/18}, abstract = {Whether paper and pencil or computerized adaptive, tests are usually described by a set of rules managing how they are administered: which item will be first, which should follow any given item, when to administer the last one. This article focus on the latter and looks at the effect of two stopping rules on the estimated sampling distribution of the ability estimate in a CAT: the number of items administered and the a priori determined size of the standard error of the ability estimate.}, isbn = {1529-7713 (Print)1529-7713 (Linking)}, author = {Blais, J. G. and Raiche, G.} } @article {2162, title = {A Method for the Comparison of Item Selection Rules in Computerized Adaptive Testing}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, pages = {438-452}, abstract = {

In a typical study comparing the relative efficiency of two item selection rules in computerized adaptive testing, the common result is that they simultaneously differ in accuracy and security, making it difficult to reach a conclusion on which is the more appropriate rule. This study proposes a strategy to conduct a global comparison of two or more selection rules. A plot showing the performance of each selection rule for several maximum exposure rates is obtained and the whole plot is compared with other rule plots. The strategy was applied in a simulation study with fixed-length CATs for the comparison of six item selection rules: the point Fisher information, Fisher information weighted by likelihood, Kullback-Leibler weighted by likelihood, maximum information stratification with blocking, progressive and proportional methods. Our results show that there is no optimal rule for any overlap value or root mean square error (RMSE). The fact that a rule, for a given level of overlap, has lower RMSE than another does not imply that this pattern holds for another overlap rate. A fair comparison of the rules requires extensive manipulation of the maximum exposure rates. The best methods were the Kullback-Leibler weighted by likelihood, the proportional method, and the maximum information stratification method with blocking.

}, doi = {10.1177/0146621610370152}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/34/6/438.abstract}, author = {Barrada, Juan Ram{\'o}n and Olea, Julio and Ponsoda, Vicente and Abad, Francisco Jos{\'e}} } @article {298, title = {Tests informatizados y otros nuevos tipos de tests [Computerized and other new types of tests]}, journal = {Papeles del Psic{\'o}logo}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, pages = {94-107}, abstract = {Recientemente se ha producido un considerable desarrollo de los tests adaptativos informatizados, en los que el test se adapta progresivamente al rendimiento del evaluando, y de otros tipos de tests: a) los test basados en modelos (se dispone de un modelo o teor{\'\i}a de c{\'o}mo se responde a cada {\'\i}tem, lo que permite predecir su dificultad), b) los tests ipsativos (el evaluado ha de elegir entre opciones que tienen parecida deseabilidad social, por lo que pueden resultar eficaces para controlar algunos sesgos de respuestas), c) los tests conductuales (miden rasgos que ordinariamente se han venido midiendo con autoinformes, mediante tareas que requieren respuestas no verbales) y d) los tests situacionales (en los que se presenta al evaluado una situaci{\'o}n de conflicto laboral, por ejemplo, con varias posibles soluciones, y ha de elegir la que le parece la mejor descripci{\'o}n de lo que el har{\'\i}a en esa situaci{\'o}n). El art{\'\i}culo comenta las caracter{\'\i}sticas, ventajas e inconvenientes de todos ellos y muestra algunos ejemplos de tests concretos. Palabras clave: Test adaptativo informatizado, Test situacional, Test comportamental, Test ipsativo y generaci{\'o}n autom{\'a}tica de {\'\i}tems.The paper provides a short description of some test types that are earning considerable interest in both research and applied areas. The main feature of a computerized adaptive test is that in despite of the examinees receiving different sets of items, their test scores are in the same metric and can be directly compared. Four other test types are considered: a) model-based tests (a model or theory is available to explain the item response process and this makes the prediction of item difficulties possible), b) ipsative tests (the examinee has to select one among two or more options with similar social desirability; so, these tests can help to control faking or other examinee{\textquoteright}s response biases), c) behavioral tests (personality traits are measured from non-verbal responses rather than from self-reports), and d) situational tests (the examinee faces a conflictive situation and has to select the option that best describes what he or she will do). The paper evaluates these types of tests, comments on their pros and cons and provides some specific examples. Key words: Computerized adaptive test, Situational test, Behavioral test, Ipsative test and y automatic item generation.}, author = {Olea, J. and Abad, F. J. and Barrada, J} } @article {151, title = {The use of PROMIS and assessment center to deliver patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {304-314}, abstract = {The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was developed as one of the first projects funded by the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research Initiative to re-engineer the clinical research enterprise. The primary goal of PROMIS is to build item banks and short forms that measure key health outcome domains that are manifested in a variety of chronic diseases which could be used as a "common currency" across research projects. To date, item banks, short forms and computerized adaptive tests (CAT) have been developed for 13 domains with relevance to pediatric and adult subjects. To enable easy delivery of these new instruments, PROMIS built a web-based resource (Assessment Center) for administering CATs and other self-report data, tracking item and instrument development, monitoring accrual, managing data, and storing statistical analysis results. Assessment Center can also be used to deliver custom researcher developed content, and has numerous features that support both simple and complicated accrual designs (branching, multiple arms, multiple time points, etc.). This paper provides an overview of the development of the PROMIS item banks and details Assessment Center functionality.}, isbn = {1529-7713}, author = {Gershon, R. C. and Rothrock, N. and Hanrahan, R. and Bass, M. and Cella, D.} } @inbook {1769, title = {Applications of CAT in admissions to higher education in Israel: Twenty-two years of experience}, year = {2009}, note = {{PDF file, 326 KB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2009 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.}, author = {Gafni, N. and Cohen, Y. and Roded, K and Baumer, M and Moshinsky, A.} } @inbook {1732, title = {Assessing the equivalence of Internet-based vs. paper-and-pencil psychometric tests.}, year = {2009}, note = {PDF File, 142 K}, address = { D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2009 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.}, author = {Baumer, M and Roded, K and Gafni, N.} } @conference {2035, title = {Comparing methods to recalibrate drifting items in computerized adaptive testing}, booktitle = {American Educational Research Association}, year = {2009}, address = {San Diego, CA}, author = {Masters, J. S. and Muckle, T. J. and Bontempo, B} } @article {15, title = {Comparison of methods for controlling maximum exposure rates in computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Psicothema}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, note = {Barrada, Juan RamonAbad, Francisco JoseVeldkamp, Bernard PComparative StudySpainPsicothemaPsicothema. 2009 May;21(2):313-20.}, month = {May}, pages = {313-320}, edition = {2009/05/01}, abstract = {This paper has two objectives: (a) to provide a clear description of three methods for controlling the maximum exposure rate in computerized adaptive testing {\textemdash}the Symson-Hetter method, the restricted method, and the item-eligibility method{\textemdash} showing how all three can be interpreted as methods for constructing the variable sub-bank of items from which each examinee receives the items in his or her test; (b) to indicate the theoretical and empirical limitations of each method and to compare their performance. With the three methods, we obtained basically indistinguishable results in overlap rate and RMSE (differences in the third decimal place). The restricted method is the best method for controlling exposure rate, followed by the item-eligibility method. The worst method is the Sympson-Hetter method. The restricted method presents problems of sequential overlap rate. Our advice is to use the item-eligibility method, as it saves time and satisfies the goals of restricting maximum exposure. Comparaci{\'o}n de m{\'e}todos para el control de tasa m{\'a}xima en tests adaptativos informatizados. Este art{\'\i}culo tiene dos objetivos: (a) ofrecer una descripci{\'o}n clara de tres m{\'e}todos para el control de la tasa m{\'a}xima en tests adaptativos informatizados, el m{\'e}todo Symson-Hetter, el m{\'e}todo restringido y el m{\'e}todode elegibilidad del {\'\i}tem, mostrando c{\'o}mo todos ellos pueden interpretarse como m{\'e}todos para la construcci{\'o}n del subbanco de {\'\i}tems variable, del cual cada examinado recibe los {\'\i}tems de su test; (b) se{\~n}alar las limitaciones te{\'o}ricas y emp{\'\i}ricas de cada m{\'e}todo y comparar sus resultados. Se obtienen resultados b{\'a}sicamente indistinguibles en tasa de solapamiento y RMSE con los tres m{\'e}todos (diferencias en la tercera posici{\'o}n decimal). El m{\'e}todo restringido es el mejor en el control de la tasa de exposici{\'o}n,seguido por el m{\'e}todo de elegibilidad del {\'\i}tem. El peor es el m{\'e}todo Sympson-Hetter. El m{\'e}todo restringido presenta un problema de solapamiento secuencial. Nuestra recomendaci{\'o}n ser{\'\i}a utilizar el m{\'e}todo de elegibilidad del {\'\i}tem, puesto que ahorra tiempo y satisface los objetivos de limitar la tasa m{\'a}xima de exposici{\'o}n.}, keywords = {*Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted, Psychological Tests/*standards/*statistics \& numerical data}, isbn = {0214-9915 (Print)0214-9915 (Linking)}, author = {Barrada, J and Abad, F. J. and Veldkamp, B. P.} } @article {320, title = {Considerations about expected a posteriori estimation in adaptive testing: adaptive a priori, adaptive correction for bias, and adaptive integration interval}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, note = {Raiche, GillesBlais, Jean-GuyUnited StatesJournal of applied measurementJ Appl Meas. 2009;10(2):138-56.}, pages = {138-56}, edition = {2009/07/01}, abstract = {In a computerized adaptive test, we would like to obtain an acceptable precision of the proficiency level estimate using an optimal number of items. Unfortunately, decreasing the number of items is accompanied by a certain degree of bias when the true proficiency level differs significantly from the a priori estimate. The authors suggest that it is possible to reduced the bias, and even the standard error of the estimate, by applying to each provisional estimation one or a combination of the following strategies: adaptive correction for bias proposed by Bock and Mislevy (1982), adaptive a priori estimate, and adaptive integration interval.}, keywords = {*Bias (Epidemiology), *Computers, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Models, Statistical}, isbn = {1529-7713 (Print)1529-7713 (Linking)}, author = {Raiche, G. and Blais, J. G.} } @inbook {1884, title = {Criterion-related validity of an innovative CAT-based personality measure}, year = {2009}, note = {{PDF File, 163 KB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2009 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.}, abstract = {This paper describes development and initial criterion-related validation of the PreVisor Computer Adaptive Personality Scales (PCAPS), a computerized adaptive testing-based personality measure that uses an ideal point IRT model based on forced-choice, paired-comparison responses. Based on results from a large consortium study, a composite of six PCAPS scales identified as relevant to the population of interest (first-line supervisors) had an estimated operational validity against an overall job performance criterion of ρ = .25. Uncorrected and corrected criterion-related validity results for each of the six PCAPS scales making up the composite are also reported. Because the PCAPS algorithm computes intermediate scale scores until a stopping rule is triggered, we were able to graph number of statement-pairs presented against criterion-related validities. Results showed generally monotonically increasing functions. However, asymptotic validity levels, or at least a reduction in the rate of increase in slope, were often reached after 5-7 statement-pairs were presented. In the case of the composite measure, there was some evidence that validities decreased after about six statement-pairs. A possible explanation for this is provided.}, author = {Schneider, R. J. and McLellan, R. A. and Kantrowitz, T. M. and Houston, J. S. and Borman, W. C.} } @article {7, title = {Development and preliminary testing of a computerized adaptive assessment of chronic pain}, journal = {Journal of Pain}, volume = {10}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, note = {Anatchkova, Milena DSaris-Baglama, Renee NKosinski, MarkBjorner, Jakob B1R43AR052251-01A1/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesEvaluation StudiesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesThe journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain SocietyJ Pain. 2009 Sep;10(9):932-43.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {932-943}, edition = {2009/07/15}, abstract = {The aim of this article is to report the development and preliminary testing of a prototype computerized adaptive test of chronic pain (CHRONIC PAIN-CAT) conducted in 2 stages: (1) evaluation of various item selection and stopping rules through real data-simulated administrations of CHRONIC PAIN-CAT; (2) a feasibility study of the actual prototype CHRONIC PAIN-CAT assessment system conducted in a pilot sample. Item calibrations developed from a US general population sample (N = 782) were used to program a pain severity and impact item bank (kappa = 45), and real data simulations were conducted to determine a CAT stopping rule. The CHRONIC PAIN-CAT was programmed on a tablet PC using QualityMetric{\textquoteright}s Dynamic Health Assessment (DYHNA) software and administered to a clinical sample of pain sufferers (n = 100). The CAT was completed in significantly less time than the static (full item bank) assessment (P < .001). On average, 5.6 items were dynamically administered by CAT to achieve a precise score. Scores estimated from the 2 assessments were highly correlated (r = .89), and both assessments discriminated across pain severity levels (P < .001, RV = .95). Patients{\textquoteright} evaluations of the CHRONIC PAIN-CAT were favorable. PERSPECTIVE: This report demonstrates that the CHRONIC PAIN-CAT is feasible for administration in a clinic. The application has the potential to improve pain assessment and help clinicians manage chronic pain.}, keywords = {*Computers, *Questionnaires, Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Chronic Disease, Cohort Studies, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Pain Measurement/*methods, Pain, Intractable/*diagnosis/psychology, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, User-Computer Interface}, isbn = {1528-8447 (Electronic)1526-5900 (Linking)}, author = {Anatchkova, M. D. and Saris-Baglama, R. N. and Kosinski, M. and Bjorner, J. B.} } @article {138, title = {Development of an item bank for the assessment of depression in persons with mental illnesses and physical diseases using Rasch analysis}, journal = {Rehabilitation Psychology}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, note = {Forkmann, ThomasBoecker, MarenNorra, ChristineEberle, NicoleKircher, TiloSchauerte, PatrickMischke, KarlWesthofen, MartinGauggel, SiegfriedWirtz, MarkusResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tUnited StatesRehabilitation psychologyRehabil Psychol. 2009 May;54(2):186-97.}, month = {May}, pages = {186-97}, edition = {2009/05/28}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The calibration of item banks provides the basis for computerized adaptive testing that ensures high diagnostic precision and minimizes participants{\textquoteright} test burden. The present study aimed at developing a new item bank that allows for assessing depression in persons with mental and persons with somatic diseases. METHOD: The sample consisted of 161 participants treated for a depressive syndrome, and 206 participants with somatic illnesses (103 cardiologic, 103 otorhinolaryngologic; overall mean age = 44.1 years, SD =14.0; 44.7\% women) to allow for validation of the item bank in both groups. Persons answered a pool of 182 depression items on a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: Evaluation of Rasch model fit (infit < 1.3), differential item functioning, dimensionality, local independence, item spread, item and person separation (>2.0), and reliability (>.80) resulted in a bank of 79 items with good psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS: The bank provides items with a wide range of content coverage and may serve as a sound basis for computerized adaptive testing applications. It might also be useful for researchers who wish to develop new fixed-length scales for the assessment of depression in specific rehabilitation settings.}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Female, Heart Diseases/*psychology, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/*psychology, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases/*psychology, Personality Assessment/statistics \& numerical data, Personality Inventory/*statistics \& numerical data, Psychometrics/statistics \& numerical data, Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Sick Role}, isbn = {0090-5550 (Print)0090-5550 (Linking)}, author = {Forkmann, T. and Boecker, M. and Norra, C. and Eberle, N. and Kircher, T. and Schauerte, P. and Mischke, K. and Westhofen, M. and Gauggel, S. and Wirtz, M.} } @article {2183, title = {Direct and Inverse Problems of Item Pool Design for Computerized Adaptive Testing}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {69}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {533-547}, abstract = {

The recent literature on computerized adaptive testing (CAT) has developed methods for creating CAT item pools from a large master pool. Each CAT pool is designed as a set of nonoverlapping forms reflecting the skill levels of an assumed population of test takers. This article presents a Monte Carlo method to obtain these CAT pools and discusses its advantages over existing methods. Also, a new problem is considered that finds a population ability density function best matching the master pool. An analysis of the solution to this new problem provides testing organizations with effective guidance for maintaining their master pools. Computer experiments with a pool of Law School Admission Test items and its assembly constraints are presented.

}, doi = {10.1177/0013164409332224}, url = {http://epm.sagepub.com/content/69/4/533.abstract}, author = {Belov, Dmitry I. and Armstrong, Ronald D.} } @article {458, title = { Direct and inverse problems of item pool design for computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {69}, year = {2009}, pages = {533-547}, author = {Belov, D. I. and Armstrong, R. D.} } @article {131, title = {Evaluation of a computer-adaptive test for the assessment of depression (D-CAT) in clinical application}, journal = {International Journal for Methods in Psychiatric Research}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Journal articleInternational journal of methods in psychiatric researchInt J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2009 Feb 4.}, month = {Feb 4}, pages = {233-236}, edition = {2009/02/06}, abstract = {In the past, a German Computerized Adaptive Test, based on Item Response Theory (IRT), was developed for purposes of assessing the construct depression [Computer-adaptive test for depression (D-CAT)]. This study aims at testing the feasibility and validity of the real computer-adaptive application.The D-CAT, supplied by a bank of 64 items, was administered on personal digital assistants (PDAs) to 423 consecutive patients suffering from psychosomatic and other medical conditions (78 with depression). Items were adaptively administered until a predetermined reliability (r >/= 0.90) was attained. For validation purposes, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered. Another sample of 114 patients was evaluated using standardized diagnostic interviews [Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)].The D-CAT was quickly completed (mean 74 seconds), well accepted by the patients and reliable after an average administration of only six items. In 95\% of the cases, 10 items or less were needed for a reliable score estimate. Correlations between the D-CAT and the HADS, CES-D, and BDI ranged between r = 0.68 and r = 0.77. The D-CAT distinguished between diagnostic groups as well as established questionnaires do.The D-CAT proved an efficient, well accepted and reliable tool. Discriminative power was comparable to other depression measures, whereby the CAT is shorter and more precise. Item usage raises questions of balancing the item selection for content in the future. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, isbn = {1049-8931 (Print)}, author = {Fliege, H. and Becker, J. and Walter, O. B. and Rose, M. and Bjorner, J. B. and Klapp, B. F.} } @article {227, title = {An evaluation of patient-reported outcomes found computerized adaptive testing was efficient in assessing stress perception}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology}, volume = {62}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, note = {Kocalevent, Ruya-DanielaRose, MatthiasBecker, JanineWalter, Otto BFliege, HerbertBjorner, Jakob BKleiber, DieterKlapp, Burghard FEvaluation StudiesUnited StatesJournal of clinical epidemiologyJ Clin Epidemiol. 2009 Mar;62(3):278-87, 287.e1-3. Epub 2008 Jul 18.}, pages = {278-287}, edition = {2008/07/22}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a first computerized adaptive test (CAT) for the measurement of stress perception (Stress-CAT), in terms of the two dimensions: exposure to stress and stress reaction. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Item response theory modeling was performed using a two-parameter model (Generalized Partial Credit Model). The evaluation of the Stress-CAT comprised a simulation study and real clinical application. A total of 1,092 psychosomatic patients (N1) were studied. Two hundred simulees (N2) were generated for a simulated response data set. Then the Stress-CAT was given to n=116 inpatients, (N3) together with established stress questionnaires as validity criteria. RESULTS: The final banks included n=38 stress exposure items and n=31 stress reaction items. In the first simulation study, CAT scores could be estimated with a high measurement precision (SE<0.32; rho>0.90) using 7.0+/-2.3 (M+/-SD) stress reaction items and 11.6+/-1.7 stress exposure items. The second simulation study reanalyzed real patients data (N1) and showed an average use of items of 5.6+/-2.1 for the dimension stress reaction and 10.0+/-4.9 for the dimension stress exposure. Convergent validity showed significantly high correlations. CONCLUSIONS: The Stress-CAT is short and precise, potentially lowering the response burden of patients in clinical decision making.}, keywords = {*Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Confidence Intervals, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Perception, Quality of Health Care/*standards, Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress, Psychological/*diagnosis/psychology, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1878-5921 (Electronic)0895-4356 (Linking)}, author = {Kocalevent, R. D. and Rose, M. and Becker, J. and Walter, O. B. and Fliege, H. and Bjorner, J. B. and Kleiber, D. and Klapp, B. F.} } @article {453, title = {Item selection rules in computerized adaptive testing: Accuracy and security}, journal = {Methodology}, volume = {5}, year = {2009}, note = {(PDF file, 445 KB) }, pages = {7-17}, author = {Barrada, J and Olea, J. and Ponsoda, V. and Abad, F. J.} } @inbook {1822, title = {Limiting item exposure for target difficulty ranges in a high-stakes CAT}, year = {2009}, note = {MB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2009 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing. {PDF File, 1.}, author = {Li, X. and Becker, K. and Gorham, J. and Woo, A.} } @article {342, title = {Logistics of collecting patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in clinical practice: an overview and practical examples}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Rose, MatthiasBezjak, AndreaNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2009 Feb;18(1):125-36. Epub 2009 Jan 20.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {125-36}, edition = {2009/01/20}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Interest in collecting patient-reported outcomes (PROs), such as health-related quality of life (HRQOL), health status reports, and patient satisfaction is on the rise and practical aspects of collecting PROs in clinical practice are becoming more important. The purpose of this paper is to draw the attention to a number of issues relevant for a successful integration of PRO measures into the daily work flow of busy clinical settings. METHODS: The paper summarizes the results from a breakout session held at an ISOQOL special topic conference for PRO measures in clinical practice in 2007. RESULTS: Different methodologies of collecting PROs are discussed, and the support needed for each methodology is highlighted. The discussion is illustrated by practical real-life examples from early adaptors who administered paper-pencil, or electronic PRO assessments (ePRO) for more than a decade. The paper also reports about new experiences with more recent technological developments, such as SmartPens and Computer Adaptive Tests (CATs) in daily practice. CONCLUSIONS: Methodological and logistical issues determine the resources needed for a successful integration of PRO measures into daily work flow procedures and influence significantly the usefulness of PRO data for clinical practice.}, isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)}, author = {Rose, M. and Bezjak, A.} } @article {170, title = {Measuring global physical health in children with cerebral palsy: Illustration of a multidimensional bi-factor model and computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, note = {Haley, Stephen MNi, PengshengDumas, Helene MFragala-Pinkham, Maria AHambleton, Ronald KMontpetit, KathleenBilodeau, NathalieGorton, George EWatson, KyleTucker, Carole AK02 HD045354-01A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesK02 HD45354-01A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2009 Apr;18(3):359-70. Epub 2009 Feb 17.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {359-370}, edition = {2009/02/18}, abstract = {PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to apply a bi-factor model for the determination of test dimensionality and a multidimensional CAT using computer simulations of real data for the assessment of a new global physical health measure for children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: Parent respondents of 306 children with cerebral palsy were recruited from four pediatric rehabilitation hospitals and outpatient clinics. We compared confirmatory factor analysis results across four models: (1) one-factor unidimensional; (2) two-factor multidimensional (MIRT); (3) bi-factor MIRT with fixed slopes; and (4) bi-factor MIRT with varied slopes. We tested whether the general and content (fatigue and pain) person score estimates could discriminate across severity and types of CP, and whether score estimates from a simulated CAT were similar to estimates based on the total item bank, and whether they correlated as expected with external measures. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis suggested separate pain and fatigue sub-factors; all 37 items were retained in the analyses. From the bi-factor MIRT model with fixed slopes, the full item bank scores discriminated across levels of severity and types of CP, and compared favorably to external instruments. CAT scores based on 10- and 15-item versions accurately captured the global physical health scores. CONCLUSIONS: The bi-factor MIRT CAT application, especially the 10- and 15-item versions, yielded accurate global physical health scores that discriminated across known severity groups and types of CP, and correlated as expected with concurrent measures. The CATs have potential for collecting complex data on the physical health of children with CP in an efficient manner.}, keywords = {*Computer Simulation, *Health Status, *Models, Statistical, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Cerebral Palsy/*physiopathology, Child, Child, Preschool, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Questionnaires, Young Adult}, isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)0962-9343 (Linking)}, author = {Haley, S. M. and Ni, P. and Dumas, H. M. and Fragala-Pinkham, M. A. and Hambleton, R. K. and Montpetit, K. and Bilodeau, N. and Gorton, G. E. and Watson, K. and Tucker, C. A.} } @article {2154, title = {Multiple Maximum Exposure Rates in Computerized Adaptive Testing}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, pages = {58-73}, abstract = {

Computerized adaptive testing is subject to security problems, as the item bank content remains operative over long periods and administration time is flexible for examinees. Spreading the content of a part of the item bank could lead to an overestimation of the examinees\&$\#$39; trait level. The most common way of reducing this risk is to impose a maximum exposure rate (rmax) that no item should exceed. Several methods have been proposed with this aim. All of these methods establish a single value of rmax throughout the test. This study presents a new method, the multiple-rmax method, that defines as many values of rmax as the number of items presented in the test. In this way, it is possible to impose a high degree of randomness in item selection at the beginning of the test, leaving the administration of items with the best psychometric properties to the moment when the trait level estimation is most accurate. The implementation of the multiple-r max method is described and is tested in simulated item banks and in an operative bank. Compared with a single maximum exposure method, the new method has a more balanced usage of the item bank and delays the possible distortion of trait estimation due to security problems, with either no or only slight decrements of measurement accuracy.

}, doi = {10.1177/0146621608315329}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/33/1/58.abstract}, author = {Barrada, Juan Ram{\'o}n and Veldkamp, Bernard P. and Olea, Julio} } @article {673, title = {a posteriori estimation in adaptive testing: Adaptive a priori, adaptive correction for bias, and adaptive integration interval}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {10(2)}, year = {2009}, author = {Ra{\^\i}che, G. and Blais, J-G.} } @article {143, title = {Progress in assessing physical function in arthritis: PROMIS short forms and computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Journal of Rheumatology}, volume = {36}, number = {9}, year = {2009}, note = {Fries, James FCella, DavidRose, MatthiasKrishnan, EswarBruce, BonnieU01 AR052158/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesU01 AR52177/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesConsensus Development ConferenceResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralCanadaThe Journal of rheumatologyJ Rheumatol. 2009 Sep;36(9):2061-6.}, month = {Sep}, pages = {2061-2066}, edition = {2009/09/10}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Assessing self-reported physical function/disability with the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ) and other instruments has become central in arthritis research. Item response theory (IRT) and computerized adaptive testing (CAT) techniques can increase reliability and statistical power. IRT-based instruments can improve measurement precision substantially over a wider range of disease severity. These modern methods were applied and the magnitude of improvement was estimated. METHODS: A 199-item physical function/disability item bank was developed by distilling 1865 items to 124, including Legacy Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Physical Function-10 items, and improving precision through qualitative and quantitative evaluation in over 21,000 subjects, which included about 1500 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Four new instruments, (A) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information (PROMIS) HAQ, which evolved from the original (Legacy) HAQ; (B) "best" PROMIS 10; (C) 20-item static (short) forms; and (D) simulated PROMIS CAT, which sequentially selected the most informative item, were compared with the HAQ. RESULTS: Online and mailed administration modes yielded similar item and domain scores. The HAQ and PROMIS HAQ 20-item scales yielded greater information content versus other scales in patients with more severe disease. The "best" PROMIS 20-item scale outperformed the other 20-item static forms over a broad range of 4 standard deviations. The 10-item simulated PROMIS CAT outperformed all other forms. CONCLUSION: Improved items and instruments yielded better information. The PROMIS HAQ is currently available and considered validated. The new PROMIS short forms, after validation, are likely to represent further improvement. CAT-based physical function/disability assessment offers superior performance over static forms of equal length.}, keywords = {*Disability Evaluation, *Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Arthritis/diagnosis/*physiopathology, Health Surveys, Humans, Prognosis, Reproducibility of Results}, isbn = {0315-162X (Print)0315-162X (Linking)}, author = {Fries, J.F. and Cella, D. and Rose, M. and Krishnan, E. and Bruce, B.} } @inbook {1729, title = {Termination criteria in computerized adaptive tests: Variable-length CATs are not biased.}, year = {2009}, address = { D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2009 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.}, author = {Babcock, B. and Weiss, D. J.} } @inbook {1731, title = {Test overlap rate and item exposure rate as indicators of test security in CATs}, year = {2009}, note = {PDF File, 261 K}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2009 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.}, author = {Barrada, J and Olea, J. and Ponsoda, V. and Abad, F. J.} } @article {136, title = {Validation of the MMPI-2 computerized adaptive version (MMPI-2-CA) in a correctional intake facility}, journal = {Psychological Services}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, year = {2009}, pages = {279-292}, abstract = {Computerized adaptive testing in personality assessment can improve efficiency by significantly reducing the number of items administered to answer an assessment question. The time savings afforded by this technique could be of particular benefit in settings where large numbers of psychological screenings are conducted, such as correctional facilities. In the current study, item and time savings, as well as the test{\textendash}retest and extratest correlations associated with an audio augmented administration of all the scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2 Computerized Adaptive (MMPI-2-CA) are reported. Participants include 366 men, ages 18 to 62 years (M = 33.04, SD = 10.40), undergoing intake into a large Midwestern state correctional facility. Results of the current study indicate considerable item and corresponding time savings for the MMPI-2-CA compared to conventional administration of the test, as well as comparability in terms of test{\textendash}retest and correlations with external measures. Future directions of adaptive personality testing are discussed.}, isbn = {1939-148X}, author = {Forbey, J. D. and Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Gartland, D.} } @article {2179, title = {Comparability of Computer-Based and Paper-and-Pencil Testing in K{\textendash}12 Reading Assessments}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {5-24}, abstract = {

In recent years, computer-based testing (CBT) has grown in popularity, is increasingly being implemented across the United States, and will likely become the primary mode for delivering tests in the future. Although CBT offers many advantages over traditional paper-and-pencil testing, assessment experts, researchers, practitioners, and users have expressed concern about the comparability of scores between the two test administration modes. To help provide an answer to this issue, a meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the administration mode effects of CBTs and paper-and-pencil tests on K\—12 student reading assessments. Findings indicate that the administration mode had no statistically significant effect on K\—12 student reading achievement scores. Four moderator variables\—study design, sample size, computer delivery algorithm, and computer practice\—made statistically significant contributions to predicting effect size. Three moderator variables\—grade level, type of test, and computer delivery method\—did not affect the differences in reading scores between test modes.

}, doi = {10.1177/0013164407305592}, url = {http://epm.sagepub.com/content/68/1/5.abstract}, author = {Shudong Wang, and Hong Jiao, and Young, Michael J. and Brooks, Thomas and Olson, John} } @article {169, title = {Computerized adaptive testing for follow-up after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation: II. Participation outcomes}, journal = {Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation}, volume = {89}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {Haley, Stephen MGandek, BarbaraSiebens, HilaryBlack-Schaffer, Randie MSinclair, Samuel JTao, WeiCoster, Wendy JNi, PengshengJette, Alan MK02 HD045354-01A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesK02 HD45354-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesR01 HD043568/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesR01 HD043568-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesArchives of physical medicine and rehabilitationArch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Feb;89(2):275-83.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {275-283}, edition = {2008/01/30}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To measure participation outcomes with a computerized adaptive test (CAT) and compare CAT and traditional fixed-length surveys in terms of score agreement, respondent burden, discriminant validity, and responsiveness. DESIGN: Longitudinal, prospective cohort study of patients interviewed approximately 2 weeks after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and 3 months later. SETTING: Follow-up interviews conducted in patient{\textquoteright}s home setting. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (N=94) with diagnoses of neurologic, orthopedic, or medically complex conditions. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participation domains of mobility, domestic life, and community, social, \& civic life, measured using a CAT version of the Participation Measure for Postacute Care (PM-PAC-CAT) and a 53-item fixed-length survey (PM-PAC-53). RESULTS: The PM-PAC-CAT showed substantial agreement with PM-PAC-53 scores (intraclass correlation coefficient, model 3,1, .71-.81). On average, the PM-PAC-CAT was completed in 42\% of the time and with only 48\% of the items as compared with the PM-PAC-53. Both formats discriminated across functional severity groups. The PM-PAC-CAT had modest reductions in sensitivity and responsiveness to patient-reported change over a 3-month interval as compared with the PM-PAC-53. CONCLUSIONS: Although continued evaluation is warranted, accurate estimates of participation status and responsiveness to change for group-level analyses can be obtained from CAT administrations, with a sizeable reduction in respondent burden.}, keywords = {*Activities of Daily Living, *Adaptation, Physiological, *Computer Systems, *Questionnaires, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chi-Square Distribution, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Patient Discharge, Prospective Studies, Rehabilitation/*standards, Subacute Care/*standards}, isbn = {1532-821X (Electronic)0003-9993 (Linking)}, author = {Haley, S. M. and Gandek, B. and Siebens, H. and Black-Schaffer, R. M. and Sinclair, S. J. and Tao, W. and Coster, W. J. and Ni, P. and Jette, A. M.} } @article {231, title = {Computerized adaptive testing in back pain: Validation of the CAT-5D-QOL}, journal = {Spine}, volume = {33}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, note = {Kopec, Jacek ABadii, MaziarMcKenna, MarioLima, Viviane DSayre, Eric CDvorak, MarcelResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tValidation StudiesUnited StatesSpineSpine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 May 20;33(12):1384-90.}, month = {May 20}, pages = {1384-90}, edition = {2008/05/23}, abstract = {STUDY DESIGN: We have conducted an outcome instrument validation study. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to develop a computerized adaptive test (CAT) to measure 5 domains of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and assess its feasibility, reliability, validity, and efficiency. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Kopec and colleagues have recently developed item response theory based item banks for 5 domains of HRQL relevant to back pain and suitable for CAT applications. The domains are Daily Activities (DAILY), Walking (WALK), Handling Objects (HAND), Pain or Discomfort (PAIN), and Feelings (FEEL). METHODS: An adaptive algorithm was implemented in a web-based questionnaire administration system. The questionnaire included CAT-5D-QOL (5 scales), Modified Oswestry Disability Index (MODI), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), SF-36 Health Survey, and standard clinical and demographic information. Participants were outpatients treated for mechanical back pain at a referral center in Vancouver, Canada. RESULTS: A total of 215 patients completed the questionnaire and 84 completed a retest. On average, patients answered 5.2 items per CAT-5D-QOL scale. Reliability ranged from 0.83 (FEEL) to 0.92 (PAIN) and was 0.92 for the MODI, RMDQ, and Physical Component Summary (PCS-36). The ceiling effect was 0.5\% for PAIN compared with 2\% for MODI and 5\% for RMQ. The CAT-5D-QOL scales correlated as anticipated with other measures of HRQL and discriminated well according to the level of satisfaction with current symptoms, duration of the last episode, sciatica, and disability compensation. The average relative discrimination index was 0.87 for PAIN, 0.67 for DAILY and 0.62 for WALK, compared with 0.89 for MODI, 0.80 for RMDQ, and 0.59 for PCS-36. CONCLUSION: The CAT-5D-QOL is feasible, reliable, valid, and efficient in patients with back pain. This methodology can be recommended for use in back pain research and should improve outcome assessment, facilitate comparisons across studies, and reduce patient burden.}, keywords = {*Disability Evaluation, *Health Status Indicators, *Quality of Life, Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Back Pain/*diagnosis/psychology, British Columbia, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*standards, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Internet, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Questionnaires/*standards, Reproducibility of Results}, isbn = {1528-1159 (Electronic)0362-2436 (Linking)}, author = {Kopec, J. A. and Badii, M. and McKenna, M. and Lima, V. D. and Sayre, E. C. and Dvorak, M.} } @article {307, title = {The D-optimality item selection criterion in the early stage of CAT: A study with the graded response model}, journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {88-110}, abstract = {During the early stage of computerized adaptive testing (CAT), item selection criteria based on Fisher{\textquoteright}s information often produce less stable latent trait estimates than the Kullback-Leibler global information criterion. Robustness against early stage instability has been reported for the D-optimality criterion in a polytomous CAT with the Nominal Response Model and is shown herein to be reproducible for the Graded Response Model. For comparative purposes, the A-optimality and the global information criteria are also applied. Their item selection is investigated as a function of test progression and item bank composition. The results indicate how the selection of specific item parameters underlies the criteria performances evaluated via accuracy and precision of estimation. In addition, the criteria item exposure rates are compared, without the use of any exposure controlling measure. On the account of stability, precision, accuracy, numerical simplicity, and less evidently, item exposure rate, the D-optimality criterion can be recommended for CAT.}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing, D optimality, item selection}, author = {Passos, V. L. and Berger, M. P. F. and Tan, F. E. S.} } @article {20, title = {Functioning and validity of a computerized adaptive test to measure anxiety (A CAT)}, journal = {Depression and Anxiety}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, year = {2008}, pages = {E182-E194}, abstract = {Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Computerized Adaptive Test to measure anxiety (A-CAT), a patient-reported outcome questionnaire that uses computerized adaptive testing to measure anxiety. Methods: The A-CAT builds on an item bank of 50 items that has been built using conventional item analyses and item response theory analyses. The A-CAT was administered on Personal Digital Assistants to n=357 patients diagnosed and treated at the department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charit{\'e} Berlin, Germany. For validation purposes, two subgroups of patients (n=110 and 125) answered the A-CAT along with established anxiety and depression questionnaires. Results: The A-CAT was fast to complete (on average in 2 min, 38 s) and a precise item response theory based CAT score (reliability>.9) could be estimated after 4{\textendash}41 items. On average, the CAT displayed 6 items (SD=4.2). Convergent validity of the A-CAT was supported by correlations to existing tools (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-A, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Berliner Stimmungs-Fragebogen A/D, and State Trait Anxiety Inventory: r=.56{\textendash}.66); discriminant validity between diagnostic groups was higher for the A-CAT than for other anxiety measures. Conclusions: The German A-CAT is an efficient, reliable, and valid tool for assessing anxiety in patients suffering from anxiety disorders and other conditions with significant potential for initial assessment and long-term treatment monitoring. Future research directions are to explore content balancing of the item selection algorithm of the CAT, to norm the tool to a healthy sample, and to develop practical cutoff scores. Depression and Anxiety, 2008. {\textcopyright} 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, isbn = {1520-6394}, author = {Becker, J. and Fliege, H. and Kocalevent, R. D. and Bjorner, J. B. and Rose, M. and Walter, O. B. and Klapp, B. F.} } @article {2034, title = {Impact of altering randomization intervals on precision of measurement and item exposure}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {9}, year = {2008}, pages = {160-167}, abstract = {

This paper reports on the use of simulation when a randomization procedure is used to control item exposure in a computerized adaptive test for certification. We present a method to determine the optimum width of the interval from which items are selected and we report on the impact of relaxing the interval width on measurement precision and item exposure. Results indicate that, if the item bank is well targeted, it may be possible to widen the randomization interval and thus reduce item exposure, without seriously impacting the error of measure for test takers whose ability estimate is near the pass point.

}, author = {Muckle, T. J. and Bergstrom, B. A. and Becker, K. and Stahl, J. A.} } @article {454, title = {Incorporating randomness in the Fisher information for improving item-exposure control in CATs}, journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology}, volume = {61}, year = {2008}, pages = {493-513}, author = {Barrada, J and Olea, J. and Ponsoda, V. and Abad, F. J.} } @article {287, title = {Measuring physical functioning in children with spinal impairments with computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, note = {Mulcahey, M JHaley, Stephen MDuffy, TheresaPengsheng, NiBetz, Randal RK02 HD045354-01A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United StatesUnited StatesJournal of pediatric orthopedicsJ Pediatr Orthop. 2008 Apr-May;28(3):330-5.}, month = {Apr-May}, pages = {330-5}, edition = {2008/03/26}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of measuring current physical functioning status of children with scoliosis and kyphosis by applying computerized adaptive testing (CAT) methods. Computerized adaptive testing uses a computer interface to administer the most optimal items based on previous responses, reducing the number of items needed to obtain a scoring estimate. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 77 subjects (0.6-19.8 years) who were seen by a spine surgeon during a routine clinic visit for progress spine deformity. Using a multidimensional version of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory CAT program (PEDI-MCAT), we evaluated content range, accuracy and efficiency, known-group validity, concurrent validity with the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument, and test-retest reliability in a subsample (n = 16) within a 2-week interval. RESULTS: We found the PEDI-MCAT to have sufficient item coverage in both self-care and mobility content for this sample, although most patients tended to score at the higher ends of both scales. Both the accuracy of PEDI-MCAT scores as compared with a fixed format of the PEDI (r = 0.98 for both mobility and self-care) and test-retest reliability were very high [self-care: intraclass correlation (3,1) = 0.98, mobility: intraclass correlation (3,1) = 0.99]. The PEDI-MCAT took an average of 2.9 minutes for the parents to complete. The PEDI-MCAT detected expected differences between patient groups, and scores on the PEDI-MCAT correlated in expected directions with scores from the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument domains. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the PEDI-MCAT to assess the physical functioning status, as perceived by parents of children with complex spinal impairments, seems to be feasible and achieves accurate and efficient estimates of self-care and mobility function. Additional item development will be needed at the higher functioning end of the scale to avoid ceiling effects for older children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: This is a level II prospective study designed to establish the utility of computer adaptive testing as an evaluation method in a busy pediatric spine practice.}, keywords = {*Disability Evaluation, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Computer Simulation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disabled Children/*rehabilitation, Female, Humans, Infant, Kyphosis/*diagnosis/rehabilitation, Male, Prospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Scoliosis/*diagnosis/rehabilitation}, isbn = {0271-6798 (Print)0271-6798 (Linking)}, author = {Mulcahey, M. J. and Haley, S. M. and Duffy, T. and Pengsheng, N. and Betz, R. R.} } @article {19, title = {Modern sequential analysis and its application to computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Psychometrika}, volume = {73}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, pages = {473-486}, abstract = {After a brief review of recent advances in sequential analysis involving sequential generalized likelihood ratio tests, we discuss their use in psychometric testing and extend the asymptotic optimality theory of these sequential tests to the case of sequentially generated experiments, of particular interest in computerized adaptive testing.We then show how these methods can be used to design adaptive mastery tests, which are asymptotically optimal and are also shown to provide substantial improvements over currently used sequential and fixed length tests.}, author = {Bartroff, J. and Finkelman, M. and Lai, T. L.} } @article {471, title = {A monte carlo approach for adaptive testing with content constraints}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, pages = {431-446}, doi = {10.1177/0146621607309081}, author = {Belov, D. I. and Armstrong, R. D. and Weissman, A.} } @article {2151, title = {A Monte Carlo Approach for Adaptive Testing With Content Constraints}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {32}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {431-446}, abstract = {

This article presents a new algorithm for computerized adaptive testing (CAT) when content constraints are present. The algorithm is based on shadow CAT methodology to meet content constraints but applies Monte Carlo methods and provides the following advantages over shadow CAT: (a) lower maximum item exposure rates, (b) higher utilization of the item pool, and (c) more robust ability estimates. Computer simulations with Law School Admission Test items demonstrated that the new algorithm (a) produces similar ability estimates as shadow CAT but with half the maximum item exposure rate and 100\% pool utilization and (b) produces more robust estimates when a high- (or low-) ability examinee performs poorly (or well) at the beginning of the test.

}, doi = {10.1177/0146621607309081}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/32/6/431.abstract}, author = {Belov, Dmitry I. and Armstrong, Ronald D. and Weissman, Alexander} } @article {2150, title = {A Monte Carlo Approach to the Design, Assembly, and Evaluation of Multistage Adaptive Tests}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {32}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, pages = {119-137}, abstract = {

This article presents an application of Monte Carlo methods for developing and assembling multistage adaptive tests (MSTs). A major advantage of the Monte Carlo assembly over other approaches (e.g., integer programming or enumerative heuristics) is that it provides a uniform sampling from all MSTs (or MST paths) available from a given item pool. The uniform sampling allows a statistically valid analysis for MST design and evaluation. Given an item pool, MST model, and content constraints for test assembly, three problems are addressed in this study. They are (a) the construction of item response theory (IRT) targets for each MST path, (b) the assembly of an MST such that each path satisfies content constraints and IRT constraints, and (c) an analysis of the pool and constraints to increase the number of nonoverlapping MSTs that can be assembled from the pool. The primary intent is to produce reliable measurements and enhance pool utilization.

}, doi = {10.1177/0146621606297308}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/32/2/119.abstract}, author = {Belov, Dmitry I. and Armstrong, Ronald D.} } @article {470, title = {A Monte Carlo approach to the design, assembly, and evaluation of multistage adaptive tests}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, pages = {119{\textendash}137}, author = {Belov, D.I., Armstrong, R.D.} } @article {293, title = {The NAPLEX: evolution, purpose, scope, and educational implications}, journal = {American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education}, volume = {72}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {Newton, David WBoyle, MariaCatizone, Carmen AHistorical ArticleUnited StatesAmerican journal of pharmaceutical educationAm J Pharm Educ. 2008 Apr 15;72(2):33.}, month = {Apr 15}, pages = {33}, edition = {2008/05/17}, abstract = {Since 2004, passing the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) has been a requirement for earning initial pharmacy licensure in all 50 United States. The creation and evolution from 1952-2005 of the particular pharmacy competency testing areas and quantities of questions are described for the former paper-and-pencil National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Licensure Examination (NABPLEX) and the current candidate-specific computer adaptive NAPLEX pharmacy licensure examinations. A 40\% increase in the weighting of NAPLEX Blueprint Area 2 in May 2005, compared to that in the preceding 1997-2005 Blueprint, has implications for candidates{\textquoteright} NAPLEX performance and associated curricular content and instruction. New pharmacy graduates{\textquoteright} scores on the NAPLEX are neither intended nor validated to serve as a criterion for assessing or judging the quality or effectiveness of pharmacy curricula and instruction. The newest cycle of NAPLEX Blueprint revision, a continual process to ensure representation of nationwide contemporary practice, began in early 2008. It may take up to 2 years, including surveying several thousand national pharmacists, to complete.}, keywords = {*Educational Measurement, Education, Pharmacy/*standards, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Licensure, Pharmacy/history/*legislation \& jurisprudence, North America, Pharmacists/*legislation \& jurisprudence, Software}, isbn = {1553-6467 (Electronic)0002-9459 (Linking)}, author = {Newton, D. W. and Boyle, M. and Catizone, C. A.} } @article {17, title = {Rotating item banks versus restriction of maximum exposure rates in computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Spanish Journal of Psychology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2008}, note = {Barrada, Juan RamonOlea, JulioAbad, Francisco JoseResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tSpainThe Spanish journal of psychologySpan J Psychol. 2008 Nov;11(2):618-25.}, pages = {618-625}, edition = {2008/11/08}, abstract = {

If examinees were to know, beforehand, part of the content of a computerized adaptive test, their estimated trait levels would then have a marked positive bias. One of the strategies to avoid this consists of dividing a large item bank into several sub-banks and rotating the sub-bank employed (Ariel, Veldkamp \& van der Linden, 2004). This strategy permits substantial improvements in exposure control at little cost to measurement accuracy, However, we do not know whether this option provides better results than using the master bank with greater restriction in the maximum exposure rates (Sympson \& Hetter, 1985). In order to investigate this issue, we worked with several simulated banks of 2100 items, comparing them, for RMSE and overlap rate, with the same banks divided in two, three... up to seven sub-banks. By means of extensive manipulation of the maximum exposure rate in each bank, we found that the option of rotating banks slightly outperformed the option of restricting maximum exposure rate of the master bank by means of the Sympson-Hetter method.

}, keywords = {*Character, *Databases, *Software Design, Aptitude Tests/*statistics \& numerical data, Bias (Epidemiology), Computing Methodologies, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*statistics \& numerical data, Educational Measurement/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Mathematical Computing, Psychometrics/statistics \& numerical data}, isbn = {1138-7416}, author = {Barrada, J and Olea, J. and Abad, F. J.} } @article {152, title = {Using computerized adaptive testing to reduce the burden of mental health assessment}, journal = {Psychiatric Services}, volume = {59}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, note = {Gibbons, Robert DWeiss, David JKupfer, David JFrank, EllenFagiolini, AndreaGrochocinski, Victoria JBhaumik, Dulal KStover, AngelaBock, R DarrellImmekus, Jason CR01-MH-30915/MH/United States NIMHR01-MH-66302/MH/United States NIMHResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesPsychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)Psychiatr Serv. 2008 Apr;59(4):361-8.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {361-8}, edition = {2008/04/02}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the combination of item response theory and computerized adaptive testing (CAT) for psychiatric measurement as a means of reducing the burden of research and clinical assessments. METHODS: Data were from 800 participants in outpatient treatment for a mood or anxiety disorder; they completed 616 items of the 626-item Mood and Anxiety Spectrum Scales (MASS) at two times. The first administration was used to design and evaluate a CAT version of the MASS by using post hoc simulation. The second confirmed the functioning of CAT in live testing. RESULTS: Tests of competing models based on item response theory supported the scale{\textquoteright}s bifactor structure, consisting of a primary dimension and four group factors (mood, panic-agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive, and social phobia). Both simulated and live CAT showed a 95\% average reduction (585 items) in items administered (24 and 30 items, respectively) compared with administration of the full MASS. The correlation between scores on the full MASS and the CAT version was .93. For the mood disorder subscale, differences in scores between two groups of depressed patients--one with bipolar disorder and one without--on the full scale and on the CAT showed effect sizes of .63 (p<.003) and 1.19 (p<.001) standard deviation units, respectively, indicating better discriminant validity for CAT. CONCLUSIONS: Instead of using small fixed-length tests, clinicians can create item banks with a large item pool, and a small set of the items most relevant for a given individual can be administered with no loss of information, yielding a dramatic reduction in administration time and patient and clinician burden.}, keywords = {*Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, *Questionnaires, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agoraphobia/diagnosis, Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis, Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/*diagnosis, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/diagnosis, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis, Panic Disorder/diagnosis, Phobic Disorders/diagnosis, Reproducibility of Results, Time Factors}, isbn = {1075-2730 (Print)}, author = {Gibbons, R. D. and Weiss, D. J. and Kupfer, D. J. and Frank, E. and Fagiolini, A. and Grochocinski, V. J. and Bhaumik, D. K. and Stover, A. and Bock, R. D. and Immekus, J. C.} } @inbook {1874, title = {Adaptive estimators of trait level in adaptive testing: Some proposals}, year = {2007}, note = {{PDF file, 125 KB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2007 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.}, author = {Ra{\^\i}che, G. and Blais, J. G. and Magis, D.} } @article {2174, title = {Automated Simultaneous Assembly of Multistage Testlets for a High-Stakes Licensing Examination}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {5-20}, abstract = {

Many challenges exist for high-stakes testing programs offering continuous computerized administration. The automated assembly of test questions to exactly meet content and other requirements, provide uniformity, and control item exposure can be modeled and solved by mixed-integer programming (MIP) methods. A case study of the computerized licensing examination of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants is offered as one application of MIP techniques for test assembly. The solution illustrates assembly for a computer-adaptive multistage testing design. However, the general form of the constraint-based solution can be modified to generate optimal test designs for paper-based or computerized administrations, regardless of the specific psychometric model. An extension of this methodology allows for long-term planning for the production and use of test content on the basis of an exact psychometric test designs and administration schedules.

}, doi = {10.1177/0013164406288162}, url = {http://epm.sagepub.com/content/67/1/5.abstract}, author = {Breithaupt, Krista and Hare, Donovan R.} } @article {135, title = {Computerized adaptive personality testing: A review and illustration with the MMPI-2 Computerized Adaptive Version}, journal = {Psychological Assessment}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, note = {Forbey, Johnathan DBen-Porath, Yossef SResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tUnited StatesPsychological assessmentPsychol Assess. 2007 Mar;19(1):14-24.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {14-24}, edition = {2007/03/21}, abstract = {Computerized adaptive testing in personality assessment can improve efficiency by significantly reducing the number of items administered to answer an assessment question. Two approaches have been explored for adaptive testing in computerized personality assessment: item response theory and the countdown method. In this article, the authors review the literature on each and report the results of an investigation designed to explore the utility, in terms of item and time savings, and validity, in terms of correlations with external criterion measures, of an expanded countdown method-based research version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), the MMPI-2 Computerized Adaptive Version (MMPI-2-CA). Participants were 433 undergraduate college students (170 men and 263 women). Results indicated considerable item savings and corresponding time savings for the adaptive testing modalities compared with a conventional computerized MMPI-2 administration. Furthermore, computerized adaptive administration yielded comparable results to computerized conventional administration of the MMPI-2 in terms of both test scores and their validity. Future directions for computerized adaptive personality testing are discussed.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*statistics \& numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, MMPI/*statistics \& numerical data, Personality Assessment/*statistics \& numerical data, Psychometrics/statistics \& numerical data, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results}, isbn = {1040-3590 (Print)}, author = {Forbey, J. D. and Ben-Porath, Y. S.} } @article {210, title = {Computerized adaptive testing for measuring development of young children}, journal = {Statistics in Medicine}, volume = {26}, number = {13}, year = {2007}, note = {Jacobusse, GertBuuren, Stef vanEnglandStatistics in medicineStat Med. 2007 Jun 15;26(13):2629-38.}, month = {Jun 15}, pages = {2629-38}, edition = {2006/11/30}, abstract = {Developmental indicators that are used for routine measurement in The Netherlands are usually chosen to optimally identify delayed children. Measurements on the majority of children without problems are therefore quite imprecise. This study explores the use of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) to monitor the development of young children. CAT is expected to improve the measurement precision of the instrument. We do two simulation studies - one with real data and one with simulated data - to evaluate the usefulness of CAT. It is shown that CAT selects developmental indicators that maximally match the individual child, so that all children can be measured to the same precision.}, keywords = {*Child Development, *Models, Statistical, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Netherlands}, isbn = {0277-6715 (Print)}, author = {Jacobusse, G. and Buuren, S.} } @article {2199, title = {Detecting Differential Speededness in Multistage Testing}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {117{\textendash}130}, abstract = {

A potential undesirable effect of multistage testing is differential speededness, which happens if some of the test takers run out of time because they receive subtests with items that are more time intensive than others. This article shows how a probabilistic response-time model can be used for estimating differences in time intensities and speed between subtests and test takers and detecting differential speededness. An empirical data set for a multistage test in the computerized CPA Exam was used to demonstrate the procedures. Although the more difficult subtests appeared to have items that were more time intensive than the easier subtests, an analysis of the residual response times did not reveal any significant differential speededness because the time limit appeared to be appropriate. In a separate analysis, within each of the subtests, we found minor but consistent patterns of residual times that are believed to be due to a warm-up effect, that is, use of more time on the initial items than they actually need.

}, issn = {1745-3984}, doi = {10.1111/j.1745-3984.2007.00030.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.2007.00030.x}, author = {van der Linden, Wim J. and Breithaupt, Krista and Chuah, Siang Chee and Zhang, Yanwei} } @article {29, title = {Developing tailored instruments: item banking and computerized adaptive assessment}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {16}, number = {Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, note = {Bjorner, Jakob BueChang, Chih-HungThissen, DavidReeve, Bryce B1R43NS047763-01/NS/United States NINDSAG015815/AG/United States NIAResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2007;16 Suppl 1:95-108. Epub 2007 Feb 15.}, pages = {95-108}, edition = {2007/05/29}, abstract = {Item banks and Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) have the potential to greatly improve the assessment of health outcomes. This review describes the unique features of item banks and CAT and discusses how to develop item banks. In CAT, a computer selects the items from an item bank that are most relevant for and informative about the particular respondent; thus optimizing test relevance and precision. Item response theory (IRT) provides the foundation for selecting the items that are most informative for the particular respondent and for scoring responses on a common metric. The development of an item bank is a multi-stage process that requires a clear definition of the construct to be measured, good items, a careful psychometric analysis of the items, and a clear specification of the final CAT. The psychometric analysis needs to evaluate the assumptions of the IRT model such as unidimensionality and local independence; that the items function the same way in different subgroups of the population; and that there is an adequate fit between the data and the chosen item response models. Also, interpretation guidelines need to be established to help the clinical application of the assessment. Although medical research can draw upon expertise from educational testing in the development of item banks and CAT, the medical field also encounters unique opportunities and challenges.}, keywords = {*Health Status, *Health Status Indicators, *Mental Health, *Outcome Assessment (Health Care), *Quality of Life, *Questionnaires, *Software, Algorithms, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Models, Statistical, Psychometrics}, isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)}, author = {Bjorner, J. B. and Chang, C-H. and Thissen, D. and Reeve, B. B.} } @article {782, title = {Development and evaluation of a computer adaptive test for {\textquotedblleft}Anxiety{\textquotedblright} (Anxiety-CAT)}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2007}, pages = {143-155}, author = {Walter, O. B. and Becker, J. and Bjorner, J. B. and Fliege, H. and Klapp, B. F. and Rose, M.} } @article {52, title = {Improving patient reported outcomes using item response theory and computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Journal of Rheumatology}, volume = {34}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {Chakravarty, Eliza FBjorner, Jakob BFries, James FAr052158/ar/niamsConsensus Development ConferenceResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralCanadaThe Journal of rheumatologyJ Rheumatol. 2007 Jun;34(6):1426-31.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {1426-31}, edition = {2007/06/07}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Patient reported outcomes (PRO) are considered central outcome measures for both clinical trials and observational studies in rheumatology. More sophisticated statistical models, including item response theory (IRT) and computerized adaptive testing (CAT), will enable critical evaluation and reconstruction of currently utilized PRO instruments to improve measurement precision while reducing item burden on the individual patient. METHODS: We developed a domain hierarchy encompassing the latent trait of physical function/disability from the more general to most specific. Items collected from 165 English-language instruments were evaluated by a structured process including trained raters, modified Delphi expert consensus, and then patient evaluation. Each item in the refined data bank will undergo extensive analysis using IRT to evaluate response functions and measurement precision. CAT will allow for real-time questionnaires of potentially smaller numbers of questions tailored directly to each individual{\textquoteright}s level of physical function. RESULTS: Physical function/disability domain comprises 4 subdomains: upper extremity, trunk, lower extremity, and complex activities. Expert and patient review led to consensus favoring use of present-tense "capability" questions using a 4- or 5-item Likert response construct over past-tense "performance"items. Floor and ceiling effects, attribution of disability, and standardization of response categories were also addressed. CONCLUSION: By applying statistical techniques of IRT through use of CAT, existing PRO instruments may be improved to reduce questionnaire burden on the individual patients while increasing measurement precision that may ultimately lead to reduced sample size requirements for costly clinical trials.}, keywords = {*Rheumatic Diseases/physiopathology/psychology, Clinical Trials, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Disability Evaluation, Health Surveys, Humans, International Cooperation, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Patient Participation/*methods, Research Design/*trends, Software}, isbn = {0315-162X (Print)}, author = {Chakravarty, E. F. and Bjorner, J. B. and Fries, J.F.} } @article {86, title = {IRT health outcomes data analysis project: an overview and summary}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {16}, number = {Suppl. 1}, year = {2007}, note = {Cook, Karon FTeal, Cayla RBjorner, Jakob BCella, DavidChang, Chih-HungCrane, Paul KGibbons, Laura EHays, Ron DMcHorney, Colleen AOcepek-Welikson, KatjaRaczek, Anastasia ETeresi, Jeanne AReeve, Bryce B1U01AR52171-01/AR/United States NIAMSR01 (CA60068)/CA/United States NCIY1-PC-3028-01/PC/United States NCIResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2007;16 Suppl 1:121-32. Epub 2007 Mar 10.}, pages = {121-132}, edition = {2007/03/14}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In June 2004, the National Cancer Institute and the Drug Information Association co-sponsored the conference, "Improving the Measurement of Health Outcomes through the Applications of Item Response Theory (IRT) Modeling: Exploration of Item Banks and Computer-Adaptive Assessment." A component of the conference was presentation of a psychometric and content analysis of a secondary dataset. OBJECTIVES: A thorough psychometric and content analysis was conducted of two primary domains within a cancer health-related quality of life (HRQOL) dataset. RESEARCH DESIGN: HRQOL scales were evaluated using factor analysis for categorical data, IRT modeling, and differential item functioning analyses. In addition, computerized adaptive administration of HRQOL item banks was simulated, and various IRT models were applied and compared. SUBJECTS: The original data were collected as part of the NCI-funded Quality of Life Evaluation in Oncology (Q-Score) Project. A total of 1,714 patients with cancer or HIV/AIDS were recruited from 5 clinical sites. MEASURES: Items from 4 HRQOL instruments were evaluated: Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System-Short Form, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Four lessons learned from the project are discussed: the importance of good developmental item banks, the ambiguity of model fit results, the limits of our knowledge regarding the practical implications of model misfit, and the importance in the measurement of HRQOL of construct definition. With respect to these lessons, areas for future research are suggested. The feasibility of developing item banks for broad definitions of health is discussed.}, keywords = {*Data Interpretation, Statistical, *Health Status, *Quality of Life, *Questionnaires, *Software, Female, HIV Infections/psychology, Humans, Male, Neoplasms/psychology, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological}, isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)}, author = {Cook, K. F. and Teal, C. R. and Bjorner, J. B. and Cella, D. and Chang, C-H. and Crane, P. K. and Gibbons, L. E. and Hays, R. D. and McHorney, C. A. and Ocepek-Welikson, K. and Raczek, A. E. and Teresi, J. A. and Reeve, B. B.} } @article {386, title = {Methodological issues for building item banks and computerized adaptive scales}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {16}, number = {S1}, year = {2007}, pages = {109-119, }, abstract = {Abstract This paper reviews important methodological considerations for developing item banks and computerized adaptive scales (commonly called computerized adaptive tests in the educational measurement literature, yielding the acronym CAT), including issues of the reference population, dimensionality, dichotomous versus polytomous response scales, differential item functioning (DIF) and conditional scoring, mode effects, the impact of local dependence, and innovative approaches to assessment using CATs in health outcomes research.}, isbn = {0962-93431573-2649}, author = {Thissen, D. and Reeve, B. B. and Bjorner, J. B. and Chang, C-H.} } @article {18, title = {Methods for restricting maximum exposure rate in computerized adaptative testing}, journal = {Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {14-23}, publisher = {Hogrefe \& Huber Publishers GmbH: Germany}, abstract = {The Sympson-Hetter (1985) method provides a means of controlling maximum exposure rate of items in Computerized Adaptive Testing. Through a series of simulations, control parameters are set that mark the probability of administration of an item on being selected. This method presents two main problems: it requires a long computation time for calculating the parameters and the maximum exposure rate is slightly above the fixed limit. Van der Linden (2003) presented two alternatives which appear to solve both of the problems. The impact of these methods in the measurement accuracy has not been tested yet. We show how these methods over-restrict the exposure of some highly discriminating items and, thus, the accuracy is decreased. It also shown that, when the desired maximum exposure rate is near the minimum possible value, these methods offer an empirical maximum exposure rate clearly above the goal. A new method, based on the initial estimation of the probability of administration and the probability of selection of the items with the restricted method (Revuelta \& Ponsoda, 1998), is presented in this paper. It can be used with the Sympson-Hetter method and with the two van der Linden{\textquoteright}s methods. This option, when used with Sympson-Hetter, speeds the convergence of the control parameters without decreasing the accuracy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing, item bank security, item exposure control, overlap rate, Sympson-Hetter method}, isbn = {1614-1881 (Print); 1614-2241 (Electronic)}, author = {Barrada, J and Olea, J. and Ponsoda, V.} } @inbook {1754, title = {Partial order knowledge structures for CAT applications}, year = {2007}, note = {{PDF file, 475 KB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2007 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.}, author = {Desmarais, M. C. and Pu, X, and Blais, J-G.} } @article {51, title = {The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): progress of an NIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years}, journal = {Medical Care}, volume = {45}, number = {5 Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, pages = {S3-S11}, abstract = {The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Roadmap initiative (www.nihpromis.org) is a 5-year cooperative group program of research designed to develop, validate, and standardize item banks to measure patient-reported outcomes (PROs) relevant across common medical conditions. In this article, we will summarize the organization and scientific activity of the PROMIS network during its first 2 years.}, author = {Cella, D. and Yount, S. and Rothrock, N. and Gershon, R. C. and Cook, K. F. and Reeve, B. and Ader, D. and Fries, J.F. and Bruce, B. and Rose, M.} } @article {328, title = {Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)}, journal = {Medical Care}, volume = {45}, number = {5 Suppl 1}, year = {2007}, note = {Reeve, Bryce BHays, Ron DBjorner, Jakob BCook, Karon FCrane, Paul KTeresi, Jeanne AThissen, DavidRevicki, Dennis AWeiss, David JHambleton, Ronald KLiu, HonghuGershon, RichardReise, Steven PLai, Jin-sheiCella, DavidPROMIS Cooperative GroupAG015815/AG/United States NIAResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesMedical careMed Care. 2007 May;45(5 Suppl 1):S22-31.}, month = {May}, pages = {S22-31}, edition = {2007/04/20}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The construction and evaluation of item banks to measure unidimensional constructs of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a fundamental objective of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) project. OBJECTIVES: Item banks will be used as the foundation for developing short-form instruments and enabling computerized adaptive testing. The PROMIS Steering Committee selected 5 HRQOL domains for initial focus: physical functioning, fatigue, pain, emotional distress, and social role participation. This report provides an overview of the methods used in the PROMIS item analyses and proposed calibration of item banks. ANALYSES: Analyses include evaluation of data quality (eg, logic and range checking, spread of response distribution within an item), descriptive statistics (eg, frequencies, means), item response theory model assumptions (unidimensionality, local independence, monotonicity), model fit, differential item functioning, and item calibration for banking. RECOMMENDATIONS: Summarized are key analytic issues; recommendations are provided for future evaluations of item banks in HRQOL assessment.}, keywords = {*Health Status, *Information Systems, *Quality of Life, *Self Disclosure, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Calibration, Databases as Topic, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Psychometrics, Questionnaires/standards, United States}, isbn = {0025-7079 (Print)}, author = {Reeve, B. B. and Hays, R. D. and Bjorner, J. B. and Cook, K. F. and Crane, P. K. and Teresi, J. A. and Thissen, D. and Revicki, D. A. and Weiss, D. J. and Hambleton, R. K. and Liu, H. and Gershon, R. C. and Reise, S. P. and Lai, J. S. and Cella, D.} } @article {333, title = {Relative precision, efficiency and construct validity of different starting and stopping rules for a computerized adaptive test: The GAIN Substance Problem Scale}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {48-65}, abstract = {Substance abuse treatment programs are being pressed to measure and make clinical decisions more efficiently about an increasing array of problems. This computerized adaptive testing (CAT) simulation examined the relative efficiency, precision and construct validity of different starting and stopping rules used to shorten the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs{\textquoteright} (GAIN) Substance Problem Scale (SPS) and facilitate diagnosis based on it. Data came from 1,048 adolescents and adults referred to substance abuse treatment centers in 5 sites. CAT performance was evaluated using: (1) average standard errors, (2) average number of items, (3) bias in personmeasures, (4) root mean squared error of person measures, (5) Cohen{\textquoteright}s kappa to evaluate CAT classification compared to clinical classification, (6) correlation between CAT and full-scale measures, and (7) construct validity of CAT classification vs. clinical classification using correlations with five theoretically associated instruments. Results supported both CAT efficiency and validity.}, keywords = {My article}, author = {Riley, B. B. and Conrad, K. J. and Bezruczko, N. and Dennis, M. L.} } @article {54, title = {A system for interactive assessment and management in palliative care}, journal = {Journal of Pain Symptom Management}, volume = {33}, number = {6}, year = {2007}, note = {Chang, Chih-HungBoni-Saenz, Alexander ADurazo-Arvizu, Ramon ADesHarnais, SusanLau, Denys TEmanuel, Linda LR21CA113191/CA/United States NCIResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralReviewUnited StatesJournal of pain and symptom managementJ Pain Symptom Manage. 2007 Jun;33(6):745-55. Epub 2007 Mar 23.}, pages = {745-55}, edition = {2007/03/16}, abstract = {The availability of psychometrically sound and clinically relevant screening, diagnosis, and outcome evaluation tools is essential to high-quality palliative care assessment and management. Such data will enable us to improve patient evaluations, prognoses, and treatment selections, and to increase patient satisfaction and quality of life. To accomplish these goals, medical care needs more precise, efficient, and comprehensive tools for data acquisition, analysis, interpretation, and management. We describe a system for interactive assessment and management in palliative care (SIAM-PC), which is patient centered, model driven, database derived, evidence based, and technology assisted. The SIAM-PC is designed to reliably measure the multiple dimensions of patients{\textquoteright} needs for palliative care, and then to provide information to clinicians, patients, and the patients{\textquoteright} families to achieve optimal patient care, while improving our capacity for doing palliative care research. This system is innovative in its application of the state-of-the-science approaches, such as item response theory and computerized adaptive testing, to many of the significant clinical problems related to palliative care.}, keywords = {*Needs Assessment, Humans, Medical Informatics/*organization \& administration, Palliative Care/*organization \& administration}, isbn = {0885-3924 (Print)}, author = {Chang, C-H. and Boni-Saenz, A. A. and Durazo-Arvizu, R. A. and DesHarnais, S. and Lau, D. T. and Emanuel, L. L.} } @article {306, title = {Test design optimization in CAT early stage with the nominal response model}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, year = {2007}, pages = {213-232}, publisher = {Sage Publications: US}, abstract = {The early stage of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) refers to the phase of the trait estimation during the administration of only a few items. This phase can be characterized by bias and instability of estimation. In this study, an item selection criterion is introduced in an attempt to lessen this instability: the D-optimality criterion. A polytomous unconstrained CAT simulation is carried out to evaluate this criterion{\textquoteright}s performance under different test premises. The simulation shows that the extent of early stage instability depends primarily on the quality of the item pool information and its size and secondarily on the item selection criteria. The efficiency of the D-optimality criterion is similar to the efficiency of other known item selection criteria. Yet, it often yields estimates that, at the beginning of CAT, display a more robust performance against instability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing, nominal response model, robust performance, test design optimization}, isbn = {0146-6216 (Print)}, author = {Passos, V. L. and Berger, M. P. F. and Tan, F. E.} } @inbook {1863, title = {Validity and decision issues in selecting a CAT measurement model}, year = {2007}, note = {{PDF file, 977 KB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.). Proceedings of the 2007 GMAC Conference on Computerized Adaptive Testing.}, author = {Olsen, J. B. and Bunderson, C. V} } @article {176, title = {Computerized adaptive testing for follow-up after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation: I. Activity outcomes}, journal = {Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation}, volume = {87}, number = {8}, year = {2006}, note = {Haley, Stephen MSiebens, HilaryCoster, Wendy JTao, WeiBlack-Schaffer, Randie MGandek, BarbaraSinclair, Samuel JNi, PengshengK0245354-01/phsR01 hd043568/hd/nichdResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesArchives of physical medicine and rehabilitationArch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Aug;87(8):1033-42.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1033-42}, edition = {2006/08/01}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To examine score agreement, precision, validity, efficiency, and responsiveness of a computerized adaptive testing (CAT) version of the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC-CAT) in a prospective, 3-month follow-up sample of inpatient rehabilitation patients recently discharged home. DESIGN: Longitudinal, prospective 1-group cohort study of patients followed approximately 2 weeks after hospital discharge and then 3 months after the initial home visit. SETTING: Follow-up visits conducted in patients{\textquoteright} home setting. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-four adults who were recently discharged from inpatient rehabilitation, with diagnoses of neurologic, orthopedic, and medically complex conditions. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Summary scores from AM-PAC-CAT, including 3 activity domains of movement and physical, personal care and instrumental, and applied cognition were compared with scores from a traditional fixed-length version of the AM-PAC with 66 items (AM-PAC-66). RESULTS: AM-PAC-CAT scores were in good agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient model 3,1 range, .77-.86) with scores from the AM-PAC-66. On average, the CAT programs required 43\% of the time and 33\% of the items compared with the AM-PAC-66. Both formats discriminated across functional severity groups. The standardized response mean (SRM) was greater for the movement and physical fixed form than the CAT; the effect size and SRM of the 2 other AM-PAC domains showed similar sensitivity between CAT and fixed formats. Using patients{\textquoteright} own report as an anchor-based measure of change, the CAT and fixed length formats were comparable in responsiveness to patient-reported change over a 3-month interval. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate estimates for functional activity group-level changes can be obtained from CAT administrations, with a considerable reduction in administration time.}, keywords = {*Activities of Daily Living, *Adaptation, Physiological, *Computer Systems, *Questionnaires, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chi-Square Distribution, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Patient Discharge, Prospective Studies, Rehabilitation/*standards, Subacute Care/*standards}, isbn = {0003-9993 (Print)}, author = {Haley, S. M. and Siebens, H. and Coster, W. J. and Tao, W. and Black-Schaffer, R. M. and Gandek, B. and Sinclair, S. J. and Ni, P.} } @article {352, title = {Computerized adaptive testing of diabetes impact: a feasibility study of Hispanics and non-Hispanics in an active clinic population}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {15}, number = {9}, year = {2006}, note = {Schwartz, CarolynWelch, GarrySantiago-Kelley, PaulaBode, RitaSun, Xiaowu1 r43 dk066874-01/dk/niddkResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2006 Nov;15(9):1503-18. Epub 2006 Sep 26.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1503-18}, edition = {2006/10/13}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability in the US and is twice as common among Hispanic Americans as non-Hispanics. The societal costs of diabetes provide an impetus for developing tools that can improve patient care and delay or prevent diabetes complications. METHODS: We implemented a feasibility study of a Computerized Adaptive Test (CAT) to measure diabetes impact using a sample of 103 English- and 97 Spanish-speaking patients (mean age = 56.5, 66.5\% female) in a community medical center with a high proportion of minority patients (28\% African-American). The 37 items of the Diabetes Impact Survey were translated using forward-backward translation and cognitive debriefing. Participants were randomized to receive either the full-length tool or the Diabetes-CAT first, in the patient{\textquoteright}s native language. RESULTS: The number of items and the amount of time to complete the survey for the CAT was reduced to one-sixth the amount for the full-length tool in both languages, across disease severity. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed that the Diabetes Impact Survey is unidimensional. The Diabetes-CAT demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and discriminant validity in the overall sample, although subgroup analyses suggested that the English sample data evidenced higher levels of reliability and validity than the Spanish sample and issues with discriminant validity in the Spanish sample. Differential Item Function analysis revealed differences in responses tendencies by language group in 3 of the 37 items. Participant interviews suggested that the Spanish-speaking patients generally preferred the paper survey to the computer-assisted tool, and were twice as likely to experience difficulties understanding the items. CONCLUSIONS: While the Diabetes-CAT demonstrated clear advantages in reducing respondent burden as compared to the full-length tool, simplifying the item bank will be necessary for enhancing the feasibility of the Diabetes-CAT for use with low literacy patients.}, keywords = {*Computers, *Hispanic Americans, *Quality of Life, Adult, Aged, Data Collection/*methods, Diabetes Mellitus/*psychology, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged}, isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)}, author = {Schwartz, C. and Welch, G. and Santiago-Kelley, P. and Bode, R. and Sun, X.} } @article {233, title = {An evaluation of a patient-reported outcomes found computerized adaptive testing was efficient in assessing osteoarthritis impact}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology}, volume = {59}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, pages = {715-723}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluate a patient-reported outcomes questionnaire that uses computerized adaptive testing (CAT) to measure the impact of osteoarthritis (OA) on functioning and well-being. MATERIALS AND METHODS: OA patients completed 37 questions about the impact of OA on physical, social and role functioning, emotional well-being, and vitality. Questionnaire responses were calibrated and scored using item response theory, and two scores were estimated: a Total-OA score based on patients{\textquoteright} responses to all 37 questions, and a simulated CAT-OA score where the computer selected and scored the five most informative questions for each patient. Agreement between Total-OA and CAT-OA scores was assessed using correlations. Discriminant validity of Total-OA and CAT-OA scores was assessed with analysis of variance. Criterion measures included OA pain and severity, patient global assessment, and missed work days. RESULTS: Simulated CAT-OA and Total-OA scores correlated highly (r = 0.96). Both Total-OA and simulated CAT-OA scores discriminated significantly between patients differing on the criterion measures. F-statistics across criterion measures ranged from 39.0 (P < .001) to 225.1 (P < .001) for the Total-OA score, and from 40.5 (P < .001) to 221.5 (P < .001) for the simulated CAT-OA score. CONCLUSIONS: CAT methods produce valid and precise estimates of the impact of OA on functioning and well-being with significant reduction in response burden.}, isbn = {08954356}, author = {Kosinski, M. and Bjorner, J. and Warejr, J. and Sullivan, E. and Straus, W.} } @article {35, title = {Expansion of a physical function item bank and development of an abbreviated form for clinical research}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Richard M Smith: US}, abstract = {We expanded an existing 33-item physical function (PF) item bank with a sufficient number of items to enable computerized adaptive testing (CAT). Ten items were written to expand the bank and the new item pool was administered to 295 people with cancer. For this analysis of the new pool, seven poorly performing items were identified for further examination. This resulted in a bank with items that define an essentially unidimensional PF construct, cover a wide range of that construct, reliably measure the PF of persons with cancer, and distinguish differences in self-reported functional performance levels. We also developed a 5-item (static) assessment form ("BriefPF") that can be used in clinical research to express scores on the same metric as the overall bank. The BriefPF was compared to the PF-10 from the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36. Both short forms significantly differentiated persons across functional performance levels. While the entire bank was more precise across the PF continuum than either short form, there were differences in the area of the continuum in which each short form was more precise: the BriefPF was more precise than the PF-10 at the lower functional levels and the PF-10 was more precise than the BriefPF at the higher levels. Future research on this bank will include the development of a CAT version, the PF-CAT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)}, keywords = {clinical research, computerized adaptive testing, performance levels, physical function item bank, Psychometrics, test reliability, Test Validity}, isbn = {1529-7713 (Print)}, author = {Bode, R. K. and Lai, J-S. and Dineen, K. and Heinemann, A. W. and Shevrin, D. and Von Roenn, J. and Cella, D.} } @article {162, title = {Item banks and their potential applications to health status assessment in diverse populations}, journal = {Medical Care}, volume = {44}, number = {11 Suppl 3}, year = {2006}, note = {0025-7079 (Print)Journal ArticleResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, month = {Nov}, pages = {S189-S197}, abstract = {In the context of an ethnically diverse, aging society, attention is increasingly turning to health-related quality of life measurement to evaluate healthcare and treatment options for chronic diseases. When evaluating and treating symptoms and concerns such as fatigue, pain, or physical function, reliable and accurate assessment is a priority. Modern psychometric methods have enabled us to move from long, static tests that provide inefficient and often inaccurate assessment of individual patients, to computerized adaptive tests (CATs) that can precisely measure individuals on health domains of interest. These modern methods, collectively referred to as item response theory (IRT), can produce calibrated "item banks" from larger pools of questions. From these banks, CATs can be conducted on individuals to produce their scores on selected domains. Item banks allow for comparison of patients across different question sets because the patient{\textquoteright}s score is expressed on a common scale. Other advantages of using item banks include flexibility in terms of the degree of precision desired; interval measurement properties under most circumstances; realistic capability for accurate individual assessment over time (using CAT); and measurement equivalence across different patient populations. This work summarizes the process used in the creation and evaluation of item banks and reviews their potential contributions and limitations regarding outcome assessment and patient care, particularly when they are applied across people of different cultural backgrounds.}, author = {Hahn, E. A. and Cella, D. and Bode, R. K. and Gershon, R. C. and Lai, J. S.} } @article {2087, title = {Kernel-smoothed DIF detection procedure for computerized adaptive tests (Computerized testing report 00-08)}, year = {2006}, institution = {Law School Admission Council}, address = {Newton, PA}, author = {Nandakumar, R. and Banks, J. C. and Roussos, L. A.} } @article {16, title = {Maximum information stratification method for controlling item exposure in computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Psicothema}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, note = {Barrada, Juan RamonMazuela, PalomaOlea, JulioResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tSpainPsicothemaPsicothema. 2006 Feb;18(1):156-9.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {156-159}, edition = {2007/02/14}, abstract = {The proposal for increasing the security in Computerized Adaptive Tests that has received most attention in recent years is the a-stratified method (AS - Chang and Ying, 1999): at the beginning of the test only items with low discrimination parameters (a) can be administered, with the values of the a parameters increasing as the test goes on. With this method, distribution of the exposure rates of the items is less skewed, while efficiency is maintained in trait-level estimation. The pseudo-guessing parameter (c), present in the three-parameter logistic model, is considered irrelevant, and is not used in the AS method. The Maximum Information Stratified (MIS) model incorporates the c parameter in the stratification of the bank and in the item-selection rule, improving accuracy by comparison with the AS, for item banks with a and b parameters correlated and uncorrelated. For both kinds of banks, the blocking b methods (Chang, Qian and Ying, 2001) improve the security of the item bank.M{\'e}todo de estratificaci{\'o}n por m{\'a}xima informaci{\'o}n para el control de la exposici{\'o}n en tests adaptativos informatizados. La propuesta para aumentar la seguridad en los tests adaptativos informatizados que ha recibido m{\'a}s atenci{\'o}n en los {\'u}ltimos a{\~n}os ha sido el m{\'e}todo a-estratificado (AE - Chang y Ying, 1999): en los momentos iniciales del test s{\'o}lo pueden administrarse {\'\i}tems con bajos par{\'a}metros de discriminaci{\'o}n (a), increment{\'a}ndose los valores del par{\'a}metro a admisibles seg{\'u}n avanza el test. Con este m{\'e}todo la distribuci{\'o}n de las tasas de exposici{\'o}n de los {\'\i}tems es m{\'a}s equilibrada, manteniendo una adecuada precisi{\'o}n en la medida. El par{\'a}metro de pseudoadivinaci{\'o}n (c), presente en el modelo log{\'\i}stico de tres par{\'a}metros, se supone irrelevante y no se incorpora en el AE. El m{\'e}todo de Estratificaci{\'o}n por M{\'a}xima Informaci{\'o}n (EMI) incorpora el par{\'a}metro c a la estratificaci{\'o}n del banco y a la regla de selecci{\'o}n de {\'\i}tems, mejorando la precisi{\'o}n en comparaci{\'o}n con AE, tanto para bancos donde los par{\'a}metros a y b correlacionan como para bancos donde no. Para ambos tipos de bancos, los m{\'e}todos de bloqueo de b (Chang, Qian y Ying, 2001) mejoran la seguridad del banco.}, keywords = {*Artificial Intelligence, *Microcomputers, *Psychological Tests, *Software Design, Algorithms, Chi-Square Distribution, Humans, Likelihood Functions}, isbn = {0214-9915 (Print)}, author = {Barrada, J and Mazuela, P. and Olea, J.} } @article {311, title = {Multidimensional computerized adaptive testing of the EORTC QLQ-C30: basic developments and evaluations}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, note = {Petersen, Morten AaGroenvold, MogensAaronson, NeilFayers, PeterSprangers, MirjamBjorner, Jakob BEuropean Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life GroupResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2006 Apr;15(3):315-29.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {315-29}, edition = {2006/03/21}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Self-report questionnaires are widely used to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Ideally, such questionnaires should be adapted to the individual patient and at the same time scores should be directly comparable across patients. This may be achieved using computerized adaptive testing (CAT). Usually, CAT is carried out for a single domain at a time. However, many HRQOL domains are highly correlated. Multidimensional CAT may utilize these correlations to improve measurement efficiency. We investigated the possible advantages and difficulties of multidimensional CAT. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We evaluated multidimensional CAT of three scales from the EORTC QLQ-C30: the physical functioning, emotional functioning, and fatigue scales. Analyses utilised a database with 2958 European cancer patients. RESULTS: It was possible to obtain scores for the three domains with five to seven items administered using multidimensional CAT that were very close to the scores obtained using all 12 items and with no or little loss of measurement precision. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that multidimensional CAT may significantly improve measurement precision and efficiency and encourage further research into multidimensional CAT. Particularly, the estimation of the model underlying the multidimensional CAT and the conceptual aspects need further investigations.}, keywords = {*Quality of Life, *Self Disclosure, Adult, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Questionnaires/*standards, User-Computer Interface}, isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)}, author = {Petersen, M. A. and Groenvold, M. and Aaronson, N. K. and Fayers, P. and Sprangers, M. and Bjorner, J. B.} } @conference {838, title = {Multiple maximum exposure rates in computerized adaptive testing}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the SMABS-EAM Conference}, year = {2006}, address = {Budapest, Hungary}, author = {Barrada, J and Veldkamp, B. P. and Olea, J.} } @article {2146, title = {Optimal Testlet Pool Assembly for Multistage Testing Designs}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {204-215}, abstract = {

Computerized multistage testing (MST) designs require sets of test questions (testlets) to be assembled to meet strict, often competing criteria. Rules that govern testlet assembly may dictate the number of questions on a particular subject or may describe desirable statistical properties for the test, such as measurement precision. In an MST design, testlets of differing difficulty levels must be created. Statistical properties for assembly of the testlets can be expressed using item response theory (IRT) parameters. The testlet test information function (TIF) value can be maximized at a specific point on the IRT ability scale. In practical MST designs, parallel versions of testlets are needed, so sets of testlets with equivalent properties are built according to equivalent specifications. In this project, the authors study the use of a mathematical programming technique to simultaneously assemble testlets to ensure equivalence and fairness to candidates who may be administered different testlets.

}, doi = {10.1177/0146621605284350}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/30/3/204.abstract}, author = {Ariel, Adelaide and Veldkamp, Bernard P. and Breithaupt, Krista} } @article {319, title = {SIMCAT 1.0: A SAS computer program for simulating computer adaptive testing}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {60-61}, publisher = {Sage Publications: US}, abstract = {Monte Carlo methodologies are frequently applied to study the sampling distribution of the estimated proficiency level in adaptive testing. These methods eliminate real situational constraints. However, these Monte Carlo methodologies are not currently supported by the available software programs, and when these programs are available, their flexibility is limited. SIMCAT 1.0 is aimed at the simulation of adaptive testing sessions under different adaptive expected a posteriori (EAP) proficiency-level estimation methods (Blais \& Ra{\^\i}che, 2005; Ra{\^\i}che \& Blais, 2005) based on the one-parameter Rasch logistic model. These methods are all adaptive in the a priori proficiency-level estimation, the proficiency-level estimation bias correction, the integration interval, or a combination of these factors. The use of these adaptive EAP estimation methods diminishes considerably the shrinking, and therefore biasing, effect of the estimated a priori proficiency level encountered when this a priori is fixed at a constant value independently of the computed previous value of the proficiency level. SIMCAT 1.0 also computes empirical and estimated skewness and kurtosis coefficients, such as the standard error, of the estimated proficiency-level sampling distribution. In this way, the program allows one to compare empirical and estimated properties of the estimated proficiency-level sampling distribution under different variations of the EAP estimation method: standard error and bias, like the skewness and kurtosis coefficients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)}, keywords = {computer adaptive testing, computer program, estimated proficiency level, Monte Carlo methodologies, Rasch logistic model}, isbn = {0146-6216 (Print)}, author = {Ra{\^\i}che, G. and Blais, J-G.} } @article {2215, title = {A testlet assembly design for the uniform CPA Examination}, journal = {Applied Measurement in Education}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {189-202}, doi = {10.1207/s15324818ame1903_2}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15324818ame1903_2}, author = {Luecht, Richard and Brumfield, Terry and Breithaupt, Krista} } @article {2231, title = {Automated Simultaneous Assembly for Multistage Testing}, journal = {International Journal of Testing}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, pages = {319-330}, doi = {10.1207/s15327574ijt0503_8}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327574ijt0503_8}, author = {Breithaupt, Krista and Ariel, Adelaide and Veldkamp, Bernard P.} } @article {2128, title = {A closer look at using judgments of item difficulty to change answers on computerized adaptive tests}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {331-350}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Clough, S. J. and Bleiler, T.} } @article {546, title = {Development of a computer-adaptive test for depression (D-CAT)}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2005}, pages = {2277{\textendash}2291}, author = {Fliege, H. and Becker, J. and Walter, O. B. and Bjorner, J. B. and Klapp, B. F. and Rose, M.} } @inbook {1738, title = {Features of the estimated sampling distribution of the ability estimate in computerized adaptive testing according to two stopping rules}, year = {2005}, address = {D. G. Englehard (Eds.), Objective measurement: Theory into practice. Volume 6.}, author = {Blais, J-G. and Ra{\^\i}che, G.} } @article {236, title = {An item bank was created to improve the measurement of cancer-related fatigue}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology}, volume = {58}, number = {2}, year = {2005}, note = {Lai, Jin-SheiCella, DavidDineen, KellyBode, RitaVon Roenn, JamieGershon, Richard CShevrin, DanielEnglandJ Clin Epidemiol. 2005 Feb;58(2):190-7.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {190-7}, type = {Multicenter Study}, edition = {2005/02/01}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common unrelieved symptoms experienced by patients. CRF is underrecognized and undertreated due to a lack of clinically sensitive instruments that integrate easily into clinics. Modern computerized adaptive testing (CAT) can overcome these obstacles by enabling precise assessment of fatigue without requiring the administration of a large number of questions. A working item bank is essential for development of a CAT platform. The present report describes the building of an operational item bank for use in clinical settings with the ultimate goal of improving CRF identification and treatment. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The sample included 301 cancer patients. Psychometric properties of items were examined by using Rasch analysis, an Item Response Theory (IRT) model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The final bank includes 72 items. These 72 unidimensional items explained 57.5\% of the variance, based on factor analysis results. Excellent internal consistency (alpha=0.99) and acceptable item-total correlation were found (range: 0.51-0.85). The 72 items covered a reasonable range of the fatigue continuum. No significant ceiling effects, floor effects, or gaps were found. A sample short form was created for demonstration purposes. The resulting bank is amenable to the development of a CAT platform.}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Fatigue/*etiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms/*complications/psychology, Psychometrics, Questionnaires}, isbn = {0895-4356 (Print)0895-4356 (Linking)}, author = {Lai, J-S. and Cella, D. and Dineen, K. and Bode, R. and Von Roenn, J. and Gershon, R. C. and Shevrin, D.} } @article {2131, title = {Item response theory in computer adaptive testing: implications for outcomes measurement in rehabilitation}, journal = {Rehabil Psychol}, volume = {50}, year = {2005}, pages = {71-78}, author = {Ware, J. E and Gandek, B. and Sinclair, S. J. and Bjorner, J. B.} } @article {240, title = {An item response theory-based pain item bank can enhance measurement precision}, journal = {Journal of Pain and Symptom Management}, volume = {30}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, note = {0885-3924Journal Article}, pages = {278-88}, abstract = {Cancer-related pain is often under-recognized and undertreated. This is partly due to the lack of appropriate assessments, which need to be comprehensive and precise yet easily integrated into clinics. Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) can enable precise-yet-brief assessments by only selecting the most informative items from a calibrated item bank. The purpose of this study was to create such a bank. The sample included 400 cancer patients who were asked to complete 61 pain-related items. Data were analyzed using factor analysis and the Rasch model. The final bank consisted of 43 items which satisfied the measurement requirement of factor analysis and the Rasch model, demonstrated high internal consistency and reasonable item-total correlations, and discriminated patients with differing degrees of pain. We conclude that this bank demonstrates good psychometric properties, is sensitive to pain reported by patients, and can be used as the foundation for a CAT pain-testing platform for use in clinical practice.}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Lai, J-S. and Dineen, K. and Reeve, B. B. and Von Roenn, J. and Shervin, D. and McGuire, M. and Bode, R. K. and Paice, J. and Cella, D.} } @article {2142, title = {Monte Carlo Test Assembly for Item Pool Analysis and Extension}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {29}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {239-261}, abstract = {

A new test assembly algorithm based on a Monte Carlo random search is presented in this article. A major advantage of the Monte Carlo test assembly over other approaches (integer programming or enumerative heuristics) is that it performs a uniform sampling from the item pool, which provides every feasible item combination (test) with an equal chance of being built during an assembly. This allows the authors to address the following issues of pool analysis and extension: compare the strengths and weaknesses of different pools, identify the most restrictive constraint(s) for test assembly, and identify properties of the items that should be added to a pool to achieve greater usability of the pool. Computer experiments with operational pools are given.

}, doi = {10.1177/0146621605275413}, url = {http://apm.sagepub.com/content/29/4/239.abstract}, author = {Belov, Dmitry I. and Armstrong, Ronald D.} } @article {142, title = {The promise of PROMIS: using item response theory to improve assessment of patient-reported outcomes}, journal = {Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology}, volume = {23}, number = {5 Suppl 39}, year = {2005}, pages = {S53-7}, abstract = {PROMIS (Patient-Reported-Outcomes Measurement Information System) is an NIH Roadmap network project intended to improve the reliability, validity, and precision of PROs and to provide definitive new instruments that will exceed the capabilities of classic instruments and enable improved outcome measurement for clinical research across all NIH institutes. Item response theory (IRT) measurement models now permit us to transition conventional health status assessment into an era of item banking and computerized adaptive testing (CAT). Item banking uses IRT measurement models and methods to develop item banks from large pools of items from many available questionnaires. IRT allows the reduction and improvement of items and assembles domains of items which are unidimensional and not excessively redundant. CAT provides a model-driven algorithm and software to iteratively select the most informative remaining item in a domain until a desired degree of precision is obtained. Through these approaches the number of patients required for a clinical trial may be reduced while holding statistical power constant. PROMIS tools, expected to improve precision and enable assessment at the individual patient level which should broaden the appeal of PROs, will begin to be available to the general medical community in 2008.}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Fries, J.F. and Bruce, B. and Cella, D.} } @article {219, title = {Toward efficient and comprehensive measurement of the alcohol problems continuum in college students: The Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire}, journal = {Alcoholism: Clinical \& Experimental Research}, volume = {29}, number = {7}, year = {2005}, note = {MiscellaneousArticleMiscellaneous Article}, pages = {1180-1189}, abstract = {Background: Although a number of measures of alcohol problems in college students have been studied, the psychometric development and validation of these scales have been limited, for the most part, to methods based on classical test theory. In this study, we conducted analyses based on item response theory to select a set of items for measuring the alcohol problem severity continuum in college students that balances comprehensiveness and efficiency and is free from significant gender bias., Method: We conducted Rasch model analyses of responses to the 48-item Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire by 164 male and 176 female college students who drank on at least a weekly basis. An iterative process using item fit statistics, item severities, item discrimination parameters, model residuals, and analysis of differential item functioning by gender was used to pare the items down to those that best fit a Rasch model and that were most efficient in discriminating among levels of alcohol problems in the sample., Results: The process of iterative Rasch model analyses resulted in a final 24-item scale with the data fitting the unidimensional Rasch model very well. The scale showed excellent distributional properties, had items adequately matched to the severity of alcohol problems in the sample, covered a full range of problem severity, and appeared highly efficient in retaining all of the meaningful variance captured by the original set of 48 items., Conclusions: The use of Rasch model analyses to inform item selection produced a final scale that, in both its comprehensiveness and its efficiency, should be a useful tool for researchers studying alcohol problems in college students. To aid interpretation of raw scores, examples of the types of alcohol problems that are likely to be experienced across a range of selected scores are provided., (C)2005Research Society on AlcoholismAn important, sometimes controversial feature of all psychological phenomena is whether they are categorical or dimensional. A conceptual and psychometric framework is described for distinguishing whether the latent structure behind manifest categories (e.g., psychiatric diagnoses, attitude groups, or stages of development) is category-like or dimension-like. Being dimension-like requires (a) within-category heterogeneity and (b) between-category quantitative differences. Being category-like requires (a) within-category homogeneity and (b) between-category qualitative differences. The relation between this classification and abrupt versus smooth differences is discussed. Hybrid structures are possible. Being category-like is itself a matter of degree; the authors offer a formalized framework to determine this degree. Empirical applications to personality disorders, attitudes toward capital punishment, and stages of cognitive development illustrate the approach., (C) 2005 by the American Psychological AssociationThe authors conducted Rasch model ( G. Rasch, 1960) analyses of items from the Young Adult Alcohol Problems Screening Test (YAAPST; S. C. Hurlbut \& K. J. Sher, 1992) to examine the relative severity and ordering of alcohol problems in 806 college students. Items appeared to measure a single dimension of alcohol problem severity, covering a broad range of the latent continuum. Items fit the Rasch model well, with less severe symptoms reliably preceding more severe symptoms in a potential progression toward increasing levels of problem severity. However, certain items did not index problem severity consistently across demographic subgroups. A shortened, alternative version of the YAAPST is proposed, and a norm table is provided that allows for a linking of total YAAPST scores to expected symptom expression., (C) 2004 by the American Psychological AssociationA didactic on latent growth curve modeling for ordinal outcomes is presented. The conceptual aspects of modeling growth with ordinal variables and the notion of threshold invariance are illustrated graphically using a hypothetical example. The ordinal growth model is described in terms of 3 nested models: (a) multivariate normality of the underlying continuous latent variables (yt) and its relationship with the observed ordinal response pattern (Yt), (b) threshold invariance over time, and (c) growth model for the continuous latent variable on a common scale. Algebraic implications of the model restrictions are derived, and practical aspects of fitting ordinal growth models are discussed with the help of an empirical example and Mx script ( M. C. Neale, S. M. Boker, G. Xie, \& H. H. Maes, 1999). The necessary conditions for the identification of growth models with ordinal data and the methodological implications of the model of threshold invariance are discussed., (C) 2004 by the American Psychological AssociationRecent research points toward the viability of conceptualizing alcohol problems as arrayed along a continuum. Nevertheless, modern statistical techniques designed to scale multiple problems along a continuum (latent trait modeling; LTM) have rarely been applied to alcohol problems. This study applies LTM methods to data on 110 problems reported during in-person interviews of 1,348 middle-aged men (mean age = 43) from the general population. The results revealed a continuum of severity linking the 110 problems, ranging from heavy and abusive drinking, through tolerance and withdrawal, to serious complications of alcoholism. These results indicate that alcohol problems can be arrayed along a dimension of severity and emphasize the relevance of LTM to informing the conceptualization and assessment of alcohol problems., (C) 2004 by the American Psychological AssociationItem response theory (IRT) is supplanting classical test theory as the basis for measures development. This study demonstrated the utility of IRT for evaluating DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Data on alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine symptoms from 372 adult clinical participants interviewed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Expanded Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM) were analyzed with Mplus ( B. Muthen \& L. Muthen, 1998) and MULTILOG ( D. Thissen, 1991) software. Tolerance and legal problems criteria were dropped because of poor fit with a unidimensional model. Item response curves, test information curves, and testing of variously constrained models suggested that DSM-IV criteria in the CIDI-SAM discriminate between only impaired and less impaired cases and may not be useful to scale case severity. IRT can be used to study the construct validity of DSM-IV diagnoses and to identify diagnostic criteria with poor performance., (C) 2004 by the American Psychological AssociationThis study examined the psychometric characteristics of an index of substance use involvement using item response theory. The sample consisted of 292 men and 140 women who qualified for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis and 293 men and 445 women who did not qualify for a SUD diagnosis. The results indicated that men had a higher probability of endorsing substance use compared with women. The index significantly predicted health, psychiatric, and psychosocial disturbances as well as level of substance use behavior and severity of SUD after a 2-year follow-up. Finally, this index is a reliable and useful prognostic indicator of the risk for SUD and the medical and psychosocial sequelae of drug consumption., (C) 2002 by the American Psychological AssociationComparability, validity, and impact of loss of information of a computerized adaptive administration of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) were assessed in a sample of 140 Veterans Affairs hospital patients. The countdown method ( Butcher, Keller, \& Bacon, 1985) was used to adaptively administer Scales L (Lie) and F (Frequency), the 10 clinical scales, and the 15 content scales. Participants completed the MMPI-2 twice, in 1 of 2 conditions: computerized conventional test-retest, or computerized conventional-computerized adaptive. Mean profiles and test-retest correlations across modalities were comparable. Correlations between MMPI-2 scales and criterion measures supported the validity of the countdown method, although some attenuation of validity was suggested for certain health-related items. Loss of information incurred with this mode of adaptive testing has minimal impact on test validity. Item and time savings were substantial., (C) 1999 by the American Psychological Association}, keywords = {Psychometrics, Substance-Related Disorders}, author = {Kahler, C. W. and Strong, D. R. and Read, J. P. and De Boeck, P. and Wilson, M. and Acton, G. S. and Palfai, T. P. and Wood, M. D. and Mehta, P. D. and Neale, M. C. and Flay, B. R. and Conklin, C. A. and Clayton, R. R. and Tiffany, S. T. and Shiffman, S. and Krueger, R. F. and Nichol, P. E. and Hicks, B. M. and Markon, K. E. and Patrick, C. J. and Iacono, William G. and McGue, Matt and Langenbucher, J. W. and Labouvie, E. and Martin, C. S. and Sanjuan, P. M. and Bavly, L. and Kirisci, L. and Chung, T. and Vanyukov, M. and Dunn, M. and Tarter, R. and Handel, R. W. and Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Watt, M.} } @article {168, title = {Activity outcome measurement for postacute care}, journal = {Medical Care}, volume = {42}, number = {1 Suppl}, year = {2004}, note = {0025-7079Journal ArticleMulticenter Study}, pages = {I49-161}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Efforts to evaluate the effectiveness of a broad range of postacute care services have been hindered by the lack of conceptually sound and comprehensive measures of outcomes. It is critical to determine a common underlying structure before employing current methods of item equating across outcome instruments for future item banking and computer-adaptive testing applications. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factor structure, reliability, and scale properties of items underlying the Activity domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for use in postacute care outcome measurement. METHODS: We developed a 41-item Activity Measure for Postacute Care (AM-PAC) that assessed an individual{\textquoteright}s execution of discrete daily tasks in his or her own environment across major content domains as defined by the ICF. We evaluated the reliability and discriminant validity of the prototype AM-PAC in 477 individuals in active rehabilitation programs across 4 rehabilitation settings using factor analyses, tests of item scaling, internal consistency reliability analyses, Rasch item response theory modeling, residual component analysis, and modified parallel analysis. RESULTS: Results from an initial exploratory factor analysis produced 3 distinct, interpretable factors that accounted for 72\% of the variance: Applied Cognition (44\%), Personal Care \& Instrumental Activities (19\%), and Physical \& Movement Activities (9\%); these 3 activity factors were verified by a confirmatory factor analysis. Scaling assumptions were met for each factor in the total sample and across diagnostic groups. Internal consistency reliability was high for the total sample (Cronbach alpha = 0.92 to 0.94), and for specific diagnostic groups (Cronbach alpha = 0.90 to 0.95). Rasch scaling, residual factor, differential item functioning, and modified parallel analyses supported the unidimensionality and goodness of fit of each unique activity domain. CONCLUSIONS: This 3-factor model of the AM-PAC can form the conceptual basis for common-item equating and computer-adaptive applications, leading to a comprehensive system of outcome instruments for postacute care settings.}, keywords = {*Self Efficacy, *Sickness Impact Profile, Activities of Daily Living/*classification/psychology, Adult, Aftercare/*standards/statistics \& numerical data, Aged, Boston, Cognition/physiology, Disability Evaluation, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Human, Male, Middle Aged, Movement/physiology, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Psychometrics, Questionnaires/standards, Rehabilitation/*standards/statistics \& numerical data, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, author = {Haley, S. M. and Coster, W. J. and Andres, P. L. and Ludlow, L. H. and Ni, P. and Bond, T. L. and Sinclair, S. J. and Jette, A. M.} } @conference {856, title = {Automated Simultaneous Assembly of Multi-Stage Testing for the Uniform CPA Examination}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2004}, note = {{PDF file, 201 KB}}, address = {San Diego CA}, author = {Breithaupt, K and Ariel, A. and Veldkamp, B.} } @article {8, title = {Computer adaptive testing: a strategy for monitoring stroke rehabilitation across settings}, journal = {Stroke Rehabilitation}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, year = {2004}, note = {Andres, Patricia LBlack-Schaffer, Randie MNi, PengshengHaley, Stephen MR01 hd43568/hd/nichdEvaluation StudiesResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.United StatesTopics in stroke rehabilitationTop Stroke Rehabil. 2004 Spring;11(2):33-9.}, month = {Spring}, pages = {33-39}, edition = {2004/05/01}, abstract = {Current functional assessment instruments in stroke rehabilitation are often setting-specific and lack precision, breadth, and/or feasibility. Computer adaptive testing (CAT) offers a promising potential solution by providing a quick, yet precise, measure of function that can be used across a broad range of patient abilities and in multiple settings. CAT technology yields a precise score by selecting very few relevant items from a large and diverse item pool based on each individual{\textquoteright}s responses. We demonstrate the potential usefulness of a CAT assessment model with a cross-sectional sample of persons with stroke from multiple rehabilitation settings.}, keywords = {*Computer Simulation, *User-Computer Interface, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cerebrovascular Accident/*rehabilitation, Disabled Persons/*classification, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Monitoring, Physiologic/methods, Severity of Illness Index, Task Performance and Analysis}, isbn = {1074-9357 (Print)}, author = {Andres, P. L. and Black-Schaffer, R. M. and Ni, P. and Haley, S. M.} } @article {147, title = {Computerized adaptive measurement of depression: A simulation study}, journal = {BMC Psychiatry}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2004}, pages = {13-23}, abstract = {Background: Efficient, accurate instruments for measuring depression are increasingly importantin clinical practice. We developed a computerized adaptive version of the Beck DepressionInventory (BDI). We examined its efficiency and its usefulness in identifying Major DepressiveEpisodes (MDE) and in measuring depression severity.Methods: Subjects were 744 participants in research studies in which each subject completed boththe BDI and the SCID. In addition, 285 patients completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Results: The adaptive BDI had an AUC as an indicator of a SCID diagnosis of MDE of 88\%,equivalent to the full BDI. The adaptive BDI asked fewer questions than the full BDI (5.6 versus 21items). The adaptive latent depression score correlated r = .92 with the BDI total score and thelatent depression score correlated more highly with the Hamilton (r = .74) than the BDI total scoredid (r = .70).Conclusions: Adaptive testing for depression may provide greatly increased efficiency withoutloss of accuracy in identifying MDE or in measuring depression severity.}, keywords = {*Computer Simulation, Adult, Algorithms, Area Under Curve, Comparative Study, Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Internet, Male, Mass Screening/methods, Patient Selection, Personality Inventory/*statistics \& numerical data, Pilot Projects, Prevalence, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics \& numerical data, Psychometrics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Severity of Illness Index, Software}, author = {Gardner, W. and Shear, K. and Kelleher, K. J. and Pajer, K. A. and Mammen, O. and Buysse, D. and Frank, E.} } @inbook {1737, title = {Computerized adaptive testing and item banking}, year = {2004}, note = {{PDF file 371 KB}}, address = {P. M. Fayers and R. D. Hays (Eds.) Assessing Quality of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.}, author = {Bjorner, J. B. and Kosinski, M. and Ware, J. E and Jr.} } @article {44, title = {Computers in clinical assessment: Historical developments, present status, and future challenges}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology}, volume = {60}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {331-345}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons: US}, abstract = {Computerized testing methods have long been regarded as a potentially powerful asset for providing psychological assessment services. Ever since computers were first introduced and adapted to the field of assessment psychology in the 1950s, they have been a valuable aid for scoring, data processing, and even interpretation of test results. The history and status of computer-based personality and neuropsychological tests are discussed in this article. Several pertinent issues involved in providing test interpretation by computer are highlighted. Advances in computer-based test use, such as computerized adaptive testing, are described and problems noted. Today, there is great interest in expanding the availability of psychological assessment applications on the Internet. Although these applications show great promise, there are a number of problems associated with providing psychological tests on the Internet that need to be addressed by psychologists before the Internet can become a major medium for psychological service delivery. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)}, keywords = {clinical assessment, computerized testing method, Internet, psychological assessment services}, isbn = {0021-9762 (Print); 1097-4679 (Electronic)}, author = {Butcher, J. N. and Perry, J. L. and Hahn, J. A.} } @conference {851, title = {Developing tailored instruments: Item banking and computerized adaptive assessment}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the conference {\textquotedblleft}Advances in Health Outcomes Measurement: Exploring the Current State and the Future of Item Response Theory}, year = {2004}, note = {{PDF file, 406 KB}}, address = {Item Banks, and Computer-Adaptive Testing,{\textquotedblright} Bethesda MD}, author = {Bjorner, J. B.} } @article {254, title = {The development and evaluation of a software prototype for computer-adaptive testing}, journal = {Computers and Education}, volume = {43}, number = {1-2}, year = {2004}, pages = {109-123}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Lilley, M and Barker, T and Britton, C} } @article {87, title = {Refining the conceptual basis for rehabilitation outcome measurement: personal care and instrumental activities domain}, journal = {Medical Care}, volume = {42}, number = {1 Suppl}, year = {2004}, note = {0025-7079Journal Article}, month = {Jan}, pages = {I62-172}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation outcome measures routinely include content on performance of daily activities; however, the conceptual basis for item selection is rarely specified. These instruments differ significantly in format, number, and specificity of daily activity items and in the measurement dimensions and type of scale used to specify levels of performance. We propose that a requirement for upper limb and hand skills underlies many activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) items in current instruments, and that items selected based on this definition can be placed along a single functional continuum. OBJECTIVE: To examine the dimensional structure and content coverage of a Personal Care and Instrumental Activities item set and to examine the comparability of items from existing instruments and a set of new items as measures of this domain. METHODS: Participants (N = 477) from 3 different disability groups and 4 settings representing the continuum of postacute rehabilitation care were administered the newly developed Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC), the SF-8, and an additional setting-specific measure: FIM (in-patient rehabilitation); MDS (skilled nursing facility); MDS-PAC (postacute settings); OASIS (home care); or PF-10 (outpatient clinic). Rasch (partial-credit model) analyses were conducted on a set of 62 items covering the Personal Care and Instrumental domain to examine item fit, item functioning, and category difficulty estimates and unidimensionality. RESULTS: After removing 6 misfitting items, the remaining 56 items fit acceptably along the hypothesized continuum. Analyses yielded different difficulty estimates for the maximum score (eg, "Independent performance") for items with comparable content from different instruments. Items showed little differential item functioning across age, diagnosis, or severity groups, and 92\% of the participants fit the model. CONCLUSIONS: ADL and IADL items from existing rehabilitation outcomes instruments that depend on skilled upper limb and hand use can be located along a single continuum, along with the new personal care and instrumental items of the AM-PAC addressing gaps in content. Results support the validity of the proposed definition of the Personal Care and Instrumental Activities dimension of function as a guide for future development of rehabilitation outcome instruments, such as linked, setting-specific short forms and computerized adaptive testing approaches.}, keywords = {*Self Efficacy, *Sickness Impact Profile, Activities of Daily Living/*classification/psychology, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Questionnaires/*standards, Recovery of Function/physiology, Rehabilitation/*standards/statistics \& numerical data, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Sensitivity and Specificity}, author = {Coster, W. J. and Haley, S. M. and Andres, P. L. and Ludlow, L. H. and Bond, T. L. and Ni, P. S.} } @article {38, title = {Strategies for controlling testlet exposure rates in computerized adaptive testing systems}, journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences \& Engineering}, volume = {64}, number = {11-B}, year = {2004}, pages = {5835}, abstract = {Exposure control procedures in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) systems protect item pools from being compromised, however, this impacts measurement precision. Previous research indicates that exposure control procedures perform differently for dichotomously scored versus polytomously scored CAT systems. For dichotomously scored CATs, conditional selection procedures are often the optimal choice, while randomization procedures perform best for polytomously scored CATs. CAT systems modeled with testlet response theory have not been examined to determine optimal exposure control procedures. This dissertation examined various exposure control procedures in testlet-based CAT systems using the three-parameter logistic testlet response theory model and the partial credit model. The exposure control procedures were the randomesque procedure, the modified within .10 logits procedure, two levels of the progressive restricted procedure, and two levels of the Sympson-Hetter procedure. Each of these was compared to a baseline no exposure control procedure, maximum information. The testlets were reading passages with six to ten multiple-choice items. The CAT systems consisted of maximum information testlet selection contingent on an exposure control procedure and content balancing for passage type and the number of items per passage; expected a posteriori ability estimation; and a fixed length stopping rule of seven testlets totaling fifty multiple-choice items. Measurement precision and exposure rates were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of the exposure control procedures for each measurement model. The exposure control procedures yielded similar results for measurement precision within the models. The exposure rates distinguished which exposure control procedures were most effective. The Sympson-Hetter conditions, which are conditional procedures, maintained the pre-specified maximum exposure rate, but performed very poorly in terms of pool utilization. The randomization procedures, randomesque and modified within .10 logits, yielded low maximum exposure rates, but used only about 70\% of the testlet pool. Surprisingly, the progressive restricted procedure, which is a combination of both a conditional and randomization procedure, yielded the best results in its ability to maintain and control the maximum exposure rate and it used the entire testlet pool. The progressive restricted conditions were the optimal procedures for both the partial credit CAT systems and the three-parameter logistic testlet response theory CAT systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved).}, author = {Boyd, Aimee Michelle} } @article {718, title = {Test difficulty and stereotype threat on the GRE General Test}, journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology}, volume = {34(3)}, year = {2004}, pages = {563-597}, author = {Stricker, L. J., and Bejar, I. I.} } @article {2084, title = {Validating the German computerized adaptive test for anxiety on healthy sample (A-CAT)}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2004}, pages = {1515}, author = {Becker, J. and Walter, O. B. and Fliege, H. and Bjorner, J. B. and Kocalevent, R. D. and Schmid, G. and Klapp, B. F. and Rose, M.} } @inbook {42, title = {Assessing question banks}, booktitle = {Reusing online resources: A sustanable approach to e-learning}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {171-230}, publisher = {Kogan Page Ltd.}, organization = {Kogan Page Ltd.}, address = {London, UK}, abstract = {In Chapter 14, Joanna Bull and James Daziel provide a comprehensive treatment of the issues surrounding the use of Question Banks and Computer Assisted Assessment, and provide a number of excellent examples of implementations. In their review of the technologies employed in Computer Assisted Assessment the authors include Computer Adaptive Testing and data generation. The authors reveal significant issues involving the impact of Intellectual Property rights and computer assisted assessment and make important suggestions for strategies to overcome these obstacles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA )http://www-jime.open.ac.uk/2003/1/ (journal abstract)}, keywords = {Computer Assisted Testing, Curriculum Based Assessment, Education, Technology computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Bull, J. and Dalziel, J. and Vreeland, T.} } @article {30, title = {Calibration of an item pool for assessing the burden of headaches: an application of item response theory to the Headache Impact Test (HIT)}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, year = {2003}, note = {0962-9343Journal Article}, pages = {913-933}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measurement of headache impact is important in clinical trials, case detection, and the clinical monitoring of patients. Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) of headache impact has potential advantages over traditional fixed-length tests in terms of precision, relevance, real-time quality control and flexibility. OBJECTIVE: To develop an item pool that can be used for a computerized adaptive test of headache impact. METHODS: We analyzed responses to four well-known tests of headache impact from a population-based sample of recent headache sufferers (n = 1016). We used confirmatory factor analysis for categorical data and analyses based on item response theory (IRT). RESULTS: In factor analyses, we found very high correlations between the factors hypothesized by the original test constructers, both within and between the original questionnaires. These results suggest that a single score of headache impact is sufficient. We established a pool of 47 items which fitted the generalized partial credit IRT model. By simulating a computerized adaptive health test we showed that an adaptive test of only five items had a very high concordance with the score based on all items and that different worst-case item selection scenarios did not lead to bias. CONCLUSION: We have established a headache impact item pool that can be used in CAT of headache impact.}, keywords = {*Cost of Illness, *Decision Support Techniques, *Sickness Impact Profile, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Comparative Study, Disability Evaluation, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Headache/*psychology, Health Surveys, Human, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Migraine/psychology, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics/*methods, Quality of Life/*psychology, Software, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, author = {Bjorner, J. B. and Kosinski, M. and Ware, J. E., Jr.} } @booklet {1608, title = {CAT-ASVAB prototype Internet delivery system: Final report (FR-03-06)}, year = {2003}, note = {{PDF file, 393 KB}}, address = {Arlington VA: Human Resources Rsearch Organization}, author = {Sticha, P. J. and Barber, G.} } @conference {855, title = {A comparison of exposure control procedures in CAT systems based on different measurement models for testlets using the verbal reasoning section of the MCAT}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2003}, note = {{PDF file, 405 KB}}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Boyd, A. M and Dodd, B. G. and Fitzpatrick, S. J.} } @conference {860, title = {A comparison of item exposure control procedures using a CAT system based on the generalized partial credit model}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {2003}, note = {{PDF file, 265 KB}}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Burt, W. M and Kim, S.-J and Davis, L. L. and Dodd, B. G.} } @article {349, title = {Computerized adaptive rating scales for measuring managerial performance}, journal = {International Journal of Selection and Assessment}, volume = {11}, number = {2-3}, year = {2003}, pages = {237-246}, abstract = {Computerized adaptive rating scales (CARS) had been developed to measure contextual or citizenship performance. This rating format used a paired-comparison protocol, presenting pairs of behavioral statements scaled according to effectiveness levels, and an iterative item response theory algorithm to obtain estimates of ratees{\textquoteright} citizenship performance (W. C. Borman et al, 2001). In the present research, we developed CARS to measure the entire managerial performance domain, including task and citizenship performance, thus addressing a major limitation of the earlier CARS. The paper describes this development effort, including an adjustment to the algorithm that reduces substantially the number of item pairs required to obtain almost as much precision in the performance estimates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA )}, keywords = {Adaptive Testing, Algorithms, Associations, Citizenship, Computer Assisted Testing, Construction, Contextual, Item Response Theory, Job Performance, Management, Management Personnel, Rating Scales, Test}, author = {Schneider, R. J. and Goff, M. and Anderson, S. and Borman, W. C.} } @article {34, title = {Developing an initial physical function item bank from existing sources}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {1529-7713Journal Article}, pages = {124-36}, abstract = {The objective of this article is to illustrate incremental item banking using health-related quality of life data collected from two samples of patients receiving cancer treatment. The kinds of decisions one faces in establishing an item bank for computerized adaptive testing are also illustrated. Pre-calibration procedures include: identifying common items across databases; creating a new database with data from each pool; reverse-scoring "negative" items; identifying rating scales used in items; identifying pivot points in each rating scale; pivot anchoring items at comparable rating scale categories; and identifying items in each instrument that measure the construct of interest. A series of calibrations were conducted in which a small proportion of new items were added to the common core and misfitting items were identified and deleted until an initial item bank has been developed.}, keywords = {*Databases, *Sickness Impact Profile, Adaptation, Psychological, Data Collection, Humans, Neoplasms/*physiopathology/psychology/therapy, Psychometrics, Quality of Life/*psychology, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., United States}, author = {Bode, R. K. and Cella, D. and Lai, J. S. and Heinemann, A. W.} } @booklet {1340, title = {Effect of extra time on GRE{\textregistered} Quantitative and Verbal Scores (Research Report 03-13)}, year = {2003}, note = {{PDF file, 88 KB}}, address = {Princeton NJ: Educational Testing service}, author = {Bridgeman, B. and Cline, F. and Hessinger, J.} } @conference {1280, title = {Effects of test administration mode on item parameter estimates}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2003}, note = {{PDF file, 233 KB}}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Yi, Q. and Harris, D. J. and Wang, T. and Ban, J-C.} } @article {31, title = {The feasibility of applying item response theory to measures of migraine impact: a re-analysis of three clinical studies}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, year = {2003}, note = {0962-9343Journal Article}, pages = {887-902}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Item response theory (IRT) is a powerful framework for analyzing multiitem scales and is central to the implementation of computerized adaptive testing. OBJECTIVES: To explain the use of IRT to examine measurement properties and to apply IRT to a questionnaire for measuring migraine impact--the Migraine Specific Questionnaire (MSQ). METHODS: Data from three clinical studies that employed the MSQ-version 1 were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis for categorical data and by IRT modeling. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses showed very high correlations between the factors hypothesized by the original test constructions. Further, high item loadings on one common factor suggest that migraine impact may be adequately assessed by only one score. IRT analyses of the MSQ were feasible and provided several suggestions as to how to improve the items and in particular the response choices. Out of 15 items, 13 showed adequate fit to the IRT model. In general, IRT scores were strongly associated with the scores proposed by the original test developers and with the total item sum score. Analysis of response consistency showed that more than 90\% of the patients answered consistently according to a unidimensional IRT model. For the remaining patients, scores on the dimension of emotional function were less strongly related to the overall IRT scores that mainly reflected role limitations. Such response patterns can be detected easily using response consistency indices. Analysis of test precision across score levels revealed that the MSQ was most precise at one standard deviation worse than the mean impact level for migraine patients that are not in treatment. Thus, gains in test precision can be achieved by developing items aimed at less severe levels of migraine impact. CONCLUSIONS: IRT proved useful for analyzing the MSQ. The approach warrants further testing in a more comprehensive item pool for headache impact that would enable computerized adaptive testing.}, keywords = {*Sickness Impact Profile, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Comparative Study, Cost of Illness, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Feasibility Studies, Female, Human, Male, Middle Aged, Migraine/*psychology, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics/instrumentation/*methods, Quality of Life/*psychology, Questionnaires, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, author = {Bjorner, J. B. and Kosinski, M. and Ware, J. E., Jr.} } @article {457, title = {A feasibility study of on-the-fly item generation in adaptive testing}, journal = { Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment}, volume = {2 }, year = {2003}, note = {{PDF file, 427 KB} }, author = {Bejar, I. I. and Lawless, R. R., and Morley, M. E., and Wagner, M. E., and Bennett R. E., and Revuelta, J.} } @article {238, title = {Item banking to improve, shorten and computerized self-reported fatigue: an illustration of steps to create a core item bank from the FACIT-Fatigue Scale}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, year = {2003}, note = {0962-9343Journal Article}, month = {Aug}, pages = {485-501}, abstract = {Fatigue is a common symptom among cancer patients and the general population. Due to its subjective nature, fatigue has been difficult to effectively and efficiently assess. Modern computerized adaptive testing (CAT) can enable precise assessment of fatigue using a small number of items from a fatigue item bank. CAT enables brief assessment by selecting questions from an item bank that provide the maximum amount of information given a person{\textquoteright}s previous responses. This article illustrates steps to prepare such an item bank, using 13 items from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-F) as the basis. Samples included 1022 cancer patients and 1010 people from the general population. An Item Response Theory (IRT)-based rating scale model, a polytomous extension of the Rasch dichotomous model was utilized. Nine items demonstrating acceptable psychometric properties were selected and positioned on the fatigue continuum. The fatigue levels measured by these nine items along with their response categories covered 66.8\% of the general population and 82.6\% of the cancer patients. Although the operational CAT algorithms to handle polytomously scored items are still in progress, we illustrated how CAT may work by using nine core items to measure level of fatigue. Using this illustration, a fatigue measure comparable to its full-length 13-item scale administration was obtained using four items. The resulting item bank can serve as a core to which will be added a psychometrically sound and operational item bank covering the entire fatigue continuum.}, keywords = {*Health Status Indicators, *Questionnaires, Adult, Fatigue/*diagnosis/etiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms/complications, Psychometrics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Sickness Impact Profile}, author = {Lai, J-S. and Crane, P. K. and Cella, D. and Chang, C-H. and Bode, R. K. and Heinemann, A. W.} } @book {1650, title = {Strategies for controlling testlet exposure rates in computerized adaptive testing systems}, year = {2003}, note = {{PDF file, 485 KB}}, address = {Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.}, author = {Boyd, A. M} } @article {456, title = {A study of the feasibility of Internet administration of a computerized health survey: The Headache Impact Test (HIT)}, journal = {Quality of Life Research}, volume = { 12}, year = {2003}, pages = { 953-961}, author = {Bayliss, M.S. and Dewey, J.E. and Dunlap, I and et. al.} } @conference {1031, title = {Test information targeting strategies for adaptive multistage testlet designs}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2003}, note = {PDF file, 179 K}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Luecht, RM and Burgin, W. L.} } @article {321, title = {Timing behavior in computerized adaptive testing: Response times for correct and incorrect answers are not related to general fluid intelligence/Zum Zeitverhalten beim computergest{\"u}tzten adaptiveb Testen: Antwortlatenzen bei richtigen und falschen L{\"o}sun}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, year = {2003}, pages = {57-63}, abstract = {Examined the effects of general fluid intelligence on item response times for correct and false responses in computerized adaptive testing. After performing the CFT3 intelligence test, 80 individuals (aged 17-44 yrs) completed perceptual and cognitive discrimination tasks. Results show that response times were related neither to the proficiency dimension reflected by the task nor to the individual level of fluid intelligence. Furthermore, the false > correct-phenomenon as well as substantial positive correlations between item response times for false and correct responses were shown to be independent of intelligence levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA )}, keywords = {Adaptive Testing, Cognitive Ability, Intelligence, Perception, Reaction Time computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Rammsayer, Thomas and Brandler, Susanne} } @article {761, title = {Can examinees use judgments of item difficulty to improve proficiency estimates on computerized adaptive vocabulary tests? }, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {39}, year = {2002}, pages = { 311-330}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Clough, S. J. and Bleiler, T. and Hendrickson, A. B. and Ihrig, D.} } @article {14, title = {Data sparseness and on-line pretest item calibration-scaling methods in CAT}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {39}, number = {3}, year = {2002}, pages = {207-218}, abstract = {Compared and evaluated 3 on-line pretest item calibration-scaling methods (the marginal maximum likelihood estimate with 1 expectation maximization [EM] cycle [OEM] method, the marginal maximum likelihood estimate with multiple EM cycles [MEM] method, and M. L. Stocking{\textquoteright}s Method B) in terms of item parameter recovery when the item responses to the pretest items in the pool are sparse. Simulations of computerized adaptive tests were used to evaluate the results yielded by the three methods. The MEM method produced the smallest average total error in parameter estimation, and the OEM method yielded the largest total error (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA )}, keywords = {Computer Assisted Testing, Educational Measurement, Item Response Theory, Maximum Likelihood, Methodology, Scaling (Testing), Statistical Data}, author = {Ban, J-C. and Hanson, B. A. and Yi, Q. and Harris, D. J.} } @conference {1016, title = {The development and evaluation of a computer-adaptive testing application for English language}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the 2002 Computer-Assisted Testing Conference}, year = {2002}, note = {{PDF file, 308 KB}}, address = {United Kingdom}, author = {Lilley, M and Barker, T} } @article {672, title = {{\'E}tude de la distribution d{\textquoteright}{\'e}chantillonnage de l{\textquoteright}estimateur du niveau d{\textquoteright}habilet{\'e} en testing adaptatif en fonction de deux r{\`e}gles d{\textquoteright}arr{\^e}t dans le contexte de l{\textquoteright}application du mod{\`e}le de Rasch [Study of the sampling distribution of the proficiecy estima}, journal = {Mesure et {\'e}valuation en {\'e}ducation}, volume = {24(2-3)}, year = {2002}, note = {(In French)}, pages = {23-40}, author = {Ra{\^\i}che, G. and Blais, J-G.} } @conference {857, title = {Fairness issues in adaptive tests with strict time limits}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {2002}, note = {{PDF file, 1.287 MB}}, address = {New Orleans LA}, author = {Bridgeman, B. and Cline, F.} } @booklet {1323, title = {A feasibility study of on-the-fly item generation in adaptive testing (GRE Board Report No 98-12)}, year = {2002}, address = {Educational Testing Service RR02-23. Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service. Note = {\textquotedblleft}{PDF file, 193 KB}}, author = {Bejar, I. I. and Lawless, R. R and Morley, M. E and Wagner, M. E. and Bennett, R. E. and Revuelta, J.} } @conference {853, title = {Historique et concepts propres au testing adaptatif [Adaptive testing: Historical accounts and concepts]}, booktitle = {Presented at the 69th Congress of the Acfas. Sherbrooke: Association canadienne fran{\c c}aise pour l{\textquoteright}avancement des sciences (Acfas). [In French]}, year = {2002}, author = {Blais, J. G.} } @article {12, title = {Information technology and literacy assessment}, journal = {Reading and Writing Quarterly}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, pages = {369-373}, abstract = {This column discusses information technology and literacy assessment in the past and present. The author also describes computer-based assessments today including the following topics: computer-scored testing, computer-administered formal assessment, Internet formal assessment, computerized adaptive tests, placement tests, informal assessment, electronic portfolios, information management, and Internet information dissemination. A model of the major present-day applications of information technologies in reading and literacy assessment is also included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA )}, keywords = {Computer Applications, Computer Assisted Testing, Information, Internet, Literacy, Models, Systems, Technology}, author = {Balajthy, E.} } @conference {1100, title = {Practical considerations about expected a posteriori estimation in adaptive testing: Adaptive a prior, adaptive corrections for bias, adaptive integration interval}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Objective Measurement Workshops-XI}, year = {2002}, note = {{PDF file, 100 KB}}, address = {New Orleans, LA}, author = {Raiche, G. and Blais, J. G.} } @conference {1101, title = {Some features of the estimated sampling distribution of the ability estimate in computerized adaptive testing according to two stopping rules}, booktitle = {Communication propos{\'e}e au 11e Biannual International objective measurement workshop. New-Orleans : International Objective Measurement Workshops.}, year = {2002}, author = {Ra{\^\i}che, G. and Blais, J. G.} } @conference {861, title = {Some features of the sampling distribution of the ability estimate in computerized adaptive testing according to two stopping rules}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Objective Measurement Workshops-XI}, year = {2002}, note = {{PDF file, 38 KB}}, address = {New Orleans, LA}, author = {Blais, J-G. and Raiche, G.} } @conference {1030, title = {A testlet assembly design for the uniform CPA examination}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education.}, year = {2002}, note = {PDF file 192 KB}, address = {New Orleans}, author = {Luecht, RM and Brumfield, T. and Breithaupt, K} } @conference {1224, title = {Using judgments of item difficulty to change answers on computerized adaptive vocabulary tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {2002}, note = {$\#$VI02-01}, address = {New Orleans LA}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Clough, S. J. and Bleiler, T.} } @conference {1261, title = {Using testlet response theory to evaluate the equivalence of automatically generated multiple-choice items}, booktitle = {Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Eucation}, year = {2002}, address = {New Orleans LA}, author = {Williamson, D. M. and Bejar, I. I.} } @conference {1223, title = {Can examinees use judgments of item difficulty to improve proficiency estimates on computerized adaptive vocabulary tests?}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2001}, note = {$\#$VI01-01}, address = { Seattle WA}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Clough, S. J. and Bleiler, T. Hendrickson, A. B. and Ihrig, D.} } @article {13, title = {A comparative study of on line pretest item{\textemdash}Calibration/scaling methods in computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {38}, number = {3}, year = {2001}, pages = {191-212}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate five on-line pretest item-calibration/scaling methods in computerized adaptive testing (CAT): marginal maximum likelihood estimate with one EM cycle (OEM), marginal maximum likelihood estimate with multiple EM cycles (MEM), Stocking{\textquoteright}s Method A, Stocking{\textquoteright}s Method B, and BILOG/Prior. The five methods were evaluated in terms ofitem-parameter recovery, using three different sample sizes (300, 1000 and 3000). The MEM method appeared to be the best choice among these, because it produced the smallest parameter-estimation errors for all sample size conditions. MEM and OEM are mathematically similar, although the OEM method produced larger errors. MEM also was preferable to OEM, unless the amount of timeinvolved in iterative computation is a concern. Stocking{\textquoteright}s Method B also worked very well, but it required anchor items that either would increase test lengths or require larger sample sizes depending on test administration design. Until more appropriate ways of handling sparse data are devised, the BILOG/Prior method may not be a reasonable choice for small sample sizes. Stocking{\textquoteright}s Method A hadthe largest weighted total error, as well as a theoretical weakness (i.e., treating estimated ability as true ability); thus, there appeared to be little reason to use it}, author = {Ban, J. C. and Hanson, B. A. and Wang, T. and Yi, Q. and Harris, D. J.} } @unpublished {2121, title = {Computerized-adaptive versus paper-and-pencil testing environments: An experimental analysis of examinee experience}, volume = {Doctoral dissertation}, year = {2001}, type = {Unpublished doctoral dissertation}, author = {Bringsjord, E. L.} } @conference {835, title = {Data sparseness and online pretest calibration/scaling methods in CAT}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {2001}, note = {Also ACT Research Report 2002-1)}, address = {Seattle}, author = {Ban, J and Hanson, B. A. and Yi, Q. and Harris, D.} } @article {2124, title = {An examination of conditioning variables used in computer adaptive testing for DIF analyses}, journal = {Applied Measurement in Education}, volume = {14}, year = {2001}, pages = {3-16}, author = {Walker, C. M. and Beretvas, S. N and Ackerman, T. A.} } @conference {865, title = {An examination of item review on a CAT using the specific information item selection algorithm}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2001}, note = {PDF file, 325 K}, address = {Seattle WA}, author = {Bowles, R and Pommerich, M} } @conference {854, title = {An examination of item review on a CAT using the specific information item selection algorithm}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2001}, note = {PDF file, 325 KB}}, address = {Seattle WA}, author = {Bowles, R and Pommerich, M} } @booklet {1338, title = {An examination of item review on computer adaptive tests}, year = {2001}, address = {Manuscript in preparation, University of Virginia}, author = {Bowles, R} } @article {36, title = {An examination of the comparative reliability, validity, and accuracy of performance ratings made using computerized adaptive rating scales}, journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology}, volume = {86}, number = {5}, year = {2001}, note = {214803450021-9010Journal ArticleValidation Studies}, pages = {965-973}, abstract = {This laboratory research compared the reliability, validity, and accuracy of a computerized adaptive rating scale (CARS) format and 2 relatively common and representative rating formats. The CARS is a paired-comparison rating task that uses adaptive testing principles to present pairs of scaled behavioral statements to the rater to iteratively estimate a ratee{\textquoteright}s effectiveness on 3 dimensions of contextual performance. Videotaped vignettes of 6 office workers were prepared, depicting prescripted levels of contextual performance, and 112 subjects rated these vignettes using the CARS format and one or the other competing format. Results showed 23\%-37\% lower standard errors of measurement for the CARS format. In addition, validity was significantly higher for the CARS format (d = .18), and Cronbach{\textquoteright}s accuracy coefficients showed significantly higher accuracy, with a median effect size of .08. The discussion focuses on possible reasons for the results.}, keywords = {*Computer Simulation, *Employee Performance Appraisal, *Personnel Selection, Adult, Automatic Data Processing, Female, Human, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Task Performance and Analysis, Video Recording}, author = {Borman, W. C. and Buck, D. E. and Hanson, M. A. and Motowidlo, S. J. and Stark, S. and F Drasgow} } @conference {1284, title = {Impact of scoring options for not reached items in CAT}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2001}, note = {PDF file, 232 K}, address = {Seattle WA}, author = {Yi, Q. and Widiatmo, H. and Ban, J-C. and Harris, D. J.} } @article {482, title = {On maximizing item information and matching difficulty with ability}, journal = {Psychometrika}, volume = {66}, year = {2001}, pages = {69-77}, author = {Bickel, P. and Buyske, S. and Chang, Hua-Hua and Ying, Z.} } @conference {1120, title = {A monte carlo study of the feasibility of on-the-fly assessment}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2001}, address = {Seattle WA}, author = {Revuelta, J. and Bejar, I. I. and Stocking, M.} } @article {21, title = {NCLEX-RN performance: predicting success on the computerized examination}, journal = {Journal of Professional Nursing}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, year = {2001}, note = {8755-7223Journal Article}, month = {Jul-Aug}, pages = {158-165}, abstract = {Since the adoption of the Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) format of the National Certification Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN), no studies have been reported in the literature on predictors of successful performance by baccalaureate nursing graduates on the licensure examination. In this study, a discriminant analysis was used to identify which of 21 variables can be significant predictors of success on the CAT NCLEX-RN. The convenience sample consisted of 289 individuals who graduated from a baccalaureate nursing program between 1995 and 1998. Seven significant predictor variables were identified. The total number of C+ or lower grades earned in nursing theory courses was the best predictor, followed by grades in several individual nursing courses. More than 93 per cent of graduates were correctly classified. Ninety-four per cent of NCLEX "passes" were correctly classified, as were 92 per cent of NCLEX failures. This degree of accuracy in classifying CAT NCLEX-RN failures represents a marked improvement over results reported in previous studies of licensure examinations, and suggests the discriminant function will be helpful in identifying future students in danger of failure. J Prof Nurs 17:158-165, 2001.}, keywords = {*Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate, *Educational Measurement, *Licensure, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Software}, author = {Beeman, P. B. and Waterhouse, J. K.} } @article {39, title = {Outlier measures and norming methods for computerized adaptive tests}, journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2001}, pages = {85-104}, abstract = {Notes that the problem of identifying outliers has 2 important aspects: the choice of outlier measures and the method to assess the degree of outlyingness (norming) of those measures. Several classes of measures for identifying outliers in Computerized Adaptive Tests (CATs) are introduced. Some of these measures are constructed to take advantage of CATs{\textquoteright} sequential choice of items; other measures are taken directly from paper and pencil (P\&P) tests and are used for baseline comparisons. Assessing the degree of outlyingness of CAT responses, however, can not be applied directly from P\&P tests because stopping rules associated with CATs yield examinee responses of varying lengths. Standard outlier measures are highly correlated with the varying lengths which makes comparison across examinees impossible. Therefore, 4 methods are presented and compared which map outlier statistics to a familiar probability scale (a p value). The methods are explored in the context of CAT data from a 1995 Nationally Administered Computerized Examination (NACE). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA )}, keywords = {Adaptive Testing, Computer Assisted Testing, Statistical Analysis, Test Norms}, author = {Bradlow, E. T. and Weiss, R. E.} } @conference {1102, title = {Pour une {\'e}valuation sur mesure pour chaque {\'e}tudiant : d{\'e}fis et enjeux du testing adaptatif par ordinateur en {\'e}ducation [Tailored testing for each student~: Principles and stakes of computerized adaptive testing in education]}, booktitle = {Presented at the 23th Study Session of the ADM{\'E}{\'E}. Qu{\'e}bec: Association pour le d{\'e}veloppement de la mesure et de l{\textquoteright}{\'e}valuation en {\'e}ducation (ADM{\'E}{\'E}).}, year = {2001}, author = {Ra{\^\i}che, G, Blais, J.G. and Boiteau, N.} } @booklet {1560, title = {User{\textquoteright}s guide for SCORIGHT (version 1): A computer program for scoring tests built of testlets (Research Report 01-06)}, year = {2001}, note = {$\#$WA01-06 {PDF file, 2.349 MB}}, address = {Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service.}, author = {Wang, X and Bradlow, E. T. and Wainer, H.,} } @booklet {1558, title = {Users guide for SCORIGHT (version 2) : A computer program for scoring tests built of testlets (Research Report 01-06)}, year = {2001}, address = {Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service.}, author = {Wang, X and Bradlow, E. T. and Wainer, H.,} } @conference {1240, title = {Assembling parallel item pools for computerized adaptive testing}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {2000}, note = {$\#$WA00-02}, address = {New Orleans}, author = {Wang, T. and Fan, M. Yi, Q. and Ban, J. C. and Zhu, D.} } @article {368, title = {CAT administration of language placement examinations}, journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {2000}, note = {1529-7713Journal Article}, pages = {292-302}, abstract = {This article describes the development of a computerized adaptive test for Cegep de Jonquiere, a community college located in Quebec, Canada. Computerized language proficiency testing allows the simultaneous presentation of sound stimuli as the question is being presented to the test-taker. With a properly calibrated bank of items, the language proficiency test can be offered in an adaptive framework. By adapting the test to the test-taker{\textquoteright}s level of ability, an assessment can be made with significantly fewer items. We also describe our initial attempt to detect instances in which "cheating low" is occurring. In the "cheating low" situation, test-takers deliberately answer questions incorrectly, questions that they are fully capable of answering correctly had they been taking the test honestly.}, keywords = {*Language, *Software, Aptitude Tests/*statistics \& numerical data, Educational Measurement/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, author = {Stahl, J. and Bergstrom, B. and Gershon, R. C.} } @booklet {1336, title = {Computerized adaptive rating scales (CARS): Development and evaluation of the concept}, year = {2000}, address = {(Institute Rep No. 350). Tampa FL: Personnel Decisions Research Institute.}, author = {Borman, W. C. and Hanson, M. A. and Kubisiak, U. C. and Buck, D. E.} } @article {351, title = {Diagnostische programme in der Demenzfr{\"u}herkennung: Der Adaptive Figurenfolgen-Lerntest (ADAFI) [Diagnostic programs in the early detection of dementia: The Adaptive Figure Series Learning Test (ADAFI)]}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Gerontopsychologie \& -Psychiatrie}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {16-29}, abstract = {Zusammenfassung: Untersucht wurde die Eignung des computergest{\"u}tzten Adaptiven Figurenfolgen-Lerntests (ADAFI), zwischen gesunden {\"a}lteren Menschen und {\"a}lteren Menschen mit erh{\"o}htem Demenzrisiko zu differenzieren. Der im ADAFI vorgelegte Aufgabentyp der fluiden Intelligenzdimension (logisches Auff{\"u}llen von Figurenfolgen) hat sich in mehreren Studien zur Erfassung des intellektuellen Leistungspotentials (kognitive Plastizit{\"a}t) {\"a}lterer Menschen als g{\"u}nstig f{\"u}r die genannte Differenzierung erwiesen. Aufgrund seiner Konzeption als Diagnostisches Programm f{\"a}ngt der ADAFI allerdings einige Kritikpunkte an Vorgehensweisen in diesen bisherigen Arbeiten auf. Es konnte gezeigt werden, a) da{\ss} mit dem ADAFI deutliche Lokationsunterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen darstellbar sind, b) da{\ss} mit diesem Verfahren eine gute Vorhersage des mentalen Gesundheitsstatus der Probanden auf Einzelfallebene gelingt (Sensitivit{\"a}t: 80 \%, Spezifit{\"a}t: 90 \%), und c) da{\ss} die Vorhersageleistung statusdiagnostischer Tests zur Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit und zum Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis geringer ist. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, da{\ss} die plastizit{\"a}tsorientierte Leistungserfassung mit dem ADAFI vielversprechend f{\"u}r die Fr{\"u}hdiagnostik dementieller Prozesse sein k{\"o}nnte.The aim of this study was to examine the ability of the computerized Adaptive Figure Series Learning Test (ADAFI) to differentiate among old subjects at risk for dementia and old healthy controls. Several studies on the subject of measuring the intellectual potential (cognitive plasticity) of old subjects have shown the usefulness of the fluid intelligence type of task used in the ADAFI (completion of figure series) for this differentiation. Because the ADAFI has been developed as a Diagnostic Program it is able to counter some critical issues in those studies. It was shown a) that distinct differences between both groups are revealed by the ADAFI, b) that the prediction of the cognitive health status of individual subjects is quite good (sensitivity: 80 \%, specifity: 90 \%), and c) that the prediction of the cognitive health status with tests of processing speed and working memory is worse than with the ADAFI. The results indicate that the ADAFI might be a promising plasticity-oriented tool for the measurement of cognitive decline in the elderly, and thus might be useful for the early detection of dementia.}, keywords = {Adaptive Testing, At Risk Populations, Computer Assisted Diagnosis, Dementia}, author = {Schreiber, M. D. and Schneider, R. J. and Schweizer, A. and Beckmann, J. F. and Baltissen, R.} } @conference {837, title = {Effects of nonequivalence of item pools on ability estimates in CAT}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {2000}, note = {PDF file, 657 K}, address = {New Orleans LA}, author = {Ban, J. C. and Wang, T. and Yi, Q. and Harris, D. J.} } @article {41, title = {An examination of the reliability and validity of performance ratings made using computerized adaptive rating scales}, journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering}, volume = {61}, number = {1-B}, year = {2000}, pages = {570}, abstract = {This study compared the psychometric properties of performance ratings made using recently-developed computerized adaptive rating scales (CARS) to the psyc hometric properties of ratings made using more traditional paper-and-pencil rati ng formats, i.e., behaviorally-anchored and graphic rating scales. Specifically, the reliability, validity and accuracy of the performance ratings from each for mat were examined. One hundred twelve participants viewed six 5-minute videotape s of office situations and rated the performance of a target person in each vide otape on three contextual performance dimensions-Personal Support, Organizationa l Support, and Conscientious Initiative-using CARS and either behaviorally-ancho red or graphic rating scales. Performance rating properties were measured using Shrout and Fleiss{\textquoteright}s intraclass correlation (2, 1), Borman{\textquoteright}s differential accurac y measure, and Cronbach{\textquoteright}s accuracy components as indexes of rating reliability, validity, and accuracy, respectively. Results found that performance ratings mad e using the CARS were significantly more reliable and valid than performance rat ings made using either of the other formats. Additionally, CARS yielded more acc urate performance ratings than the paper-and-pencil formats. The nature of the C ARS system (i.e., its adaptive nature and scaling methodology) and its paired co mparison judgment task are offered as possible reasons for the differences found in the psychometric properties of the performance ratings made using the variou s rating formats. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA )}, keywords = {Adaptive Testing, Computer Assisted Testing, Performance Tests, Rating Scales, Reliability, Test, Test Validity}, author = {Buck, D. E.} } @conference {1093, title = {From simulation to application: Examinees react to computerized testing}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council of Measurement in Education}, year = {2000}, address = {New Orleans, April 2000}, author = {Pommerich, M and Burden, T.} } @article {764, title = {Limiting answer review and change on computerized adaptive vocabulary tests: Psychometric and attitudinal results}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {37}, year = {2000}, pages = {21-38}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Hendrickson, A. B. and Bleiler, T.} } @inbook {158, title = {MML and EAP estimation in testlet-based adaptive testing}, booktitle = {Computerized adaptive testing: Theory and practice}, year = {2000}, pages = {271-287}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, author = {Glas, C. A. W. and Wainer, H., and Bradlow, E. T.} } @article {133, title = {A real data simulation of computerized adaptive administration of the MMPI-A}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2000}, pages = {83-96}, abstract = {A real data simulation of computerized adaptive administration of the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) was conducted using item responses from three groups of participants. The first group included 196 adolescents (age range 14-18) tested at a midwestern residential treatment facility for adolescents. The second group was the normative sample used in the standardization of the MMPI-A (Butcher, Williams, Graham, Archer, Tellegen, Ben-Porath, \& Kaemmer, 1992. Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A): manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.). The third group was the clinical sample: used in the validation of the MMPI-A (Williams \& Butcher, 1989. An MMPI study of adolescents: I. Empirical validation of the study{\textquoteright}s scales. Personality assessment, 1, 251-259.). The MMPI-A data for each group of participants were run through a modified version of the MMPI-2 adaptive testing computer program (Roper, Ben-Porath \& Butcher, 1995. Comparability and validity of computerized adaptive testing with the MMPI-2. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 358-371.). To determine the optimal amount of item savings, each group{\textquoteright}s MMPI-A item responses were used to simulate three different orderings of the items: (1) from least to most frequently endorsed in the keyed direction; (2) from least to most frequently endorsed in the keyed direction with the first 120 items rearranged into their booklet order; and (3) all items in booklet order. The mean number of items administered for each group was computed for both classification and full- scale elevations for T-score cut-off values of 60 and 65. Substantial item administration savings were achieved for all three groups, and the mean number of items saved ranged from 50 items (10.7\% of the administered items) to 123 items (26.4\% of the administered items), depending upon the T-score cut-off, classification method (i.e. classification only or full-scale elevation), and group. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, author = {Fobey, J. D. and Handel, R. W. and Ben-Porath, Y. S.} } @article {548, title = {A real data simulation of computerized adaptive administration of the MMPI-A}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior}, volume = {16}, year = {2000}, pages = {83-96}, author = {Forbey, J. D. and Handel, R. W. and Ben-Porath, Y. S.} } @article {791, title = {Response to Hays et al and McHorney and Cohen: Practical implications of item response theory and computerized adaptive testing: A brief summary of ongoing studies of widely used headache impact scales}, journal = {Medical Care}, volume = {38}, year = {2000}, pages = {73-82}, author = {Ware, J. E., Jr. and Bjorner, J. B. and Kosinski, M.} } @inbook {1936, title = {Testlet response theory: An analog for the 3PL model useful in testlet-based adaptive testing}, year = {2000}, address = {W. J. van der Linden and C. A. W. Glas (Eds.), Computerized Adaptive Testing: Theory and Practice (pp. 245-270). Norwell MA: Kluwer.}, author = {Wainer, H., and Bradlow, E. T. and Du, Z.} } @booklet {1339, title = {Variations in mean response times for questions on the computer-adaptive GRE general test: Implications for fair assessment (GRE Board Professional Report No}, year = {2000}, note = {$\#$BR00-01 Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service.}, address = {96-20P: Educational Testing Service Research Report 00-7)}, author = {Bridgeman, B. and Cline, F.} } @conference {1244, title = {Adjusting "scores" from a CAT following successful item challenges}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1999}, note = {$\#$WA99-01 {PDF file, 150 KB}}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Wang, T. and Yi, Q. and Ban, J. C. and Harris, D. J. and Hanson, B. A.} } @article {488, title = {A Bayesian random effects model for testlets }, journal = {Psychometrika}, volume = { 64}, year = {1999}, pages = {153-168}, author = {Bradlow, E. T. and Wainer, H., and Wang, X} } @article {766, title = {Can examinees use a review option to obtain positively biased ability estimates on a computerized adaptive test? }, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, pages = {141-157}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Rocklin, T. R. and Wang, T. and Bleiler, T.} } @conference {1179, title = {CAT administration of language placement exams}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1999}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Stahl, J. and Gershon, R. C. and Bergstrom, B.} } @inbook {26, title = {CAT for certification and licensure}, booktitle = {Innovations in computerized assessment}, year = {1999}, note = {Using Smart Source ParsingInnovations in computerized assessment. (pp. 67-91). xiv, 266pp}, pages = {67-91}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, organization = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, address = {Mahwah, N.J.}, abstract = {(from the chapter) This chapter discusses implementing computerized adaptive testing (CAT) for high-stakes examinations that determine whether or not a particular candidate will be certified or licensed. The experience of several boards who have chosen to administer their licensure or certification examinations using the principles of CAT illustrates the process of moving into this mode of administration. Examples of the variety of options that can be utilized within a CAT administration are presented, the decisions that boards must make to implement CAT are discussed, and a timetable for completing the tasks that need to be accomplished is provided. In addition to the theoretical aspects of CAT, practical issues and problems are reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Lunz, M. E.} } @conference {836, title = {Comparison of the a-stratified method, the Sympson-Hetter method, and the matched difficulty method in CAT administration}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society}, year = {1999}, note = {$\#$BA99-01}, address = {Lawrence KS}, author = {Ban, J and Wang, T. and Yi, Q.} } @article {28, title = {Competency gradient for child-parent centers}, journal = {Journal of Outcomes Measurement}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, year = {1999}, note = {1090-655X (Print)Journal ArticleResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.}, pages = {35-52}, abstract = {This report describes an implementation of the Rasch model during the longitudinal evaluation of a federally-funded early childhood preschool intervention program. An item bank is described for operationally defining a psychosocial construct called community life-skills competency, an expected teenage outcome of the preschool intervention. This analysis examined the position of teenage students on this scale structure, and investigated a pattern of cognitive operations necessary for students to pass community life-skills test items. Then this scale structure was correlated with nationally standardized reading and math achievement scores, teacher ratings, and school records to assess its validity as a measure of the community-related outcome goal for this intervention. The results show a functional relationship between years of early intervention and magnitude of effect on the life-skills competency variable.}, keywords = {*Models, Statistical, Activities of Daily Living/classification/psychology, Adolescent, Chicago, Child, Child, Preschool, Early Intervention (Education)/*statistics \& numerical data, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care)/*statistics \& numerical data}, author = {Bezruczko, N.} } @article {183, title = {Computerized adaptive assessment with the MMPI-2 in a clinical setting}, journal = {Psychological Assessment}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, year = {1999}, pages = {369-380}, author = {Handel, R. W. and Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Watt, M. E.} } @article {790, title = {Dynamic health assessments: The search for more practical and more precise outcomes measures}, journal = {Quality of Life Newsletter}, year = {1999}, note = {{PDF file, 75 KB}}, pages = {11-13}, author = {Ware, J. E., Jr. and Bjorner, J. B. and Kosinski, M.} } @conference {924, title = {Fairness in computer-based testing}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1999}, note = {Fairness in computer-based testing. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Montreal, Canada.}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Gallagher, Aand and Bridgeman, B. and Calahan, C} } @conference {1227, title = {Limiting answer review and change on computerized adaptive vocabulary tests: Psychometric and attitudinal results}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1999}, note = {$\#$VI99-01}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Hendrickson, A. and Bleiler, T. and Widiatmo, H. and Shrairi, S. and Ihrig, D.} } @conference {840, title = {On-the-fly adaptive tests: An application of generative modeling to quantitative reasoning}, booktitle = {Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1999}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Bejar, I. I.} } @article {45, title = {Optimal design for item calibration in computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences \& Engineering}, volume = {59}, number = {8-B}, year = {1999}, pages = {4220}, abstract = {Item Response Theory is the psychometric model used for standardized tests such as the Graduate Record Examination. A test-taker{\textquoteright}s response to an item is modelled as a binary response with success probability depending on parameters for both the test-taker and the item. Two popular models are the two-parameter logistic (2PL) model and the three-parameter logistic (3PL) model. For the 2PL model, the logit of the probability of a correct response equals ai(theta j-bi), where ai and bi are item parameters, while thetaj is the test-taker{\textquoteright}s parameter, known as "proficiency." The 3PL model adds a nonzero left asymptote to model random response behavior by low theta test-takers. Assigning scores to students requires accurate estimation of theta s, while accurate estimation of theta s requires accurate estimation of the item parameters. The operational implementation of Item Response Theory, particularly following the advent of computerized adaptive testing, generally involves handling these two estimation problems separately. This dissertation addresses the optimal design for item parameter estimation. Most current designs calibrate items with a sample drawn from the overall test-taking population. For 2PL models a sequential design based on the D-optimality criterion has been proposed, while no 3PL design is in the literature. In this dissertation, we design the calibration with the ultimate use of the items in mind, namely to estimate test-takers{\textquoteright} proficiency parameters. For both the 2PL and 3PL models, this criterion leads to a locally L-optimal design criterion, named the Minimal Information Loss criterion. In turn, this criterion and the General Equivalence Theorem give a two point design for the 2PL model and a three point design for the 3PL model. A sequential implementation of this optimal design is presented. For the 2PL model, this design is almost 55\% more efficient than the simple random sample approach, and 12\% more efficient than the locally D-optimal design. For the 3PL model, the proposed design is 34\% more efficient than the simple random sample approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Buyske, S. G.} } @article {40, title = {Bayesian identification of outliers in computerized adaptive testing}, journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association}, volume = {93}, number = {443}, year = {1998}, pages = {910-919}, abstract = {We consider the problem of identifying examinees with aberrant response patterns in a computerized adaptive test (CAT). The vec-tor of responses yi of person i from the CAT comprise a multivariate response vector. Multivariate observations may be outlying in manydi erent directions and we characterize speci c directions as corre- sponding to outliers with different interpretations. We develop a class of outlier statistics to identify different types of outliers based on a con-trol chart type methodology. The outlier methodology is adaptable to general longitudinal discrete data structures. We consider several procedures to judge how extreme a particular outlier is. Data from the National Council Licensure EXamination (NCLEX) motivates our development and is used to illustrate the results.}, author = {Bradlow, E. T. and Weiss, R. E. and Cho, M.} } @booklet {1633, title = {Comparability of paper-and-pencil and computer adaptive test scores on the GRE General Test (GRE Board Professional Report No 95-08P; Educational Testing Service Research Report 98-38)}, year = {1998}, address = {Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service}, author = {Schaeffer, G. and Bridgeman, B. and Golub-Smith, M. L. and Lewis, C. and Potenza, M. T. and Steffen, M.} } @article {348, title = {Comparability of paper-and-pencil and computer adaptive test scores on the GRE General Test}, number = {ETS Research Report 98-38}, year = {1998}, month = {August, 1998}, institution = {Educational Testing Services}, address = {Princeton, N.J.}, isbn = {ETS Research Report 98-38}, author = {Schaeffer, G. A. and Bridgeman, B. and Golub-Smith, M. L. and Lewis, C. and Potenza, M. T. and Steffen, M.} } @conference {864, title = {Computerized adaptive rating scales that measure contextual performance}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the 3th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology}, year = {1998}, address = {Dallas TX}, author = {Borman, W. C. and Hanson, M. A. and Montowidlo, S. J and F Drasgow and Foster, L and Kubisiak, U. C.} } @conference {831, title = {Computerized adaptive testing with multiple form structures}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society}, year = {1998}, address = {Urbana, IL}, author = {Armstrong, R. D. and Jones, D. H. and Berliner, N.} } @booklet {1335, title = {Feasibility studies of two-stage testing in large-scale educational assessment: Implications for NAEP}, year = {1998}, address = {American Institutes for Research, CA}, author = {Bock, R. D. and Zimowski, M. F.} } @booklet {1328, title = {Three response types for broadening the conception of mathematical problem solving in computerized-adaptive tests (Research Report 98-45)}, year = {1998}, note = {$\#$BE98-45 (Also presented at National Council on Measurement in Education, 1998)}, address = {Princeton NJ : Educational Testing Service}, author = {Bennett, R. E. and Morley, M. and Quardt, D.} } @conference {863, title = {Assessing speededness in variable-length computer-adaptive tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1997}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Bontempo, B and Julian, E. R and Gorham, J. L.} } @conference {942, title = {Comparability and validity of computerized adaptive testing with the MMPI-2 using a clinical sample}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Symposium and Recent Developments in the use of the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. Minneapolis MN.}, year = {1997}, author = {Handel, R. W. and Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Watt, M.} } @article {768, title = {Computerized adaptive and fixed-item testing of music listening skill: A comparison of efficiency, precision, and concurrent validity}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {34}, year = {1997}, pages = {43-63}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Wang, T. and Bleiler, T.} } @article {33, title = {A computerized adaptive testing system for speech discrimination measurement: The Speech Sound Pattern Discrimination Test}, journal = {Journal of the Accoustical Society of America}, volume = {101}, number = {4}, year = {1997}, note = {972575560001-4966Journal Article}, pages = {2289-298}, abstract = {A computerized, adaptive test-delivery system for the measurement of speech discrimination, the Speech Sound Pattern Discrimination Test, is described and evaluated. Using a modified discrimination task, the testing system draws on a pool of 130 items spanning a broad range of difficulty to estimate an examinee{\textquoteright}s location along an underlying continuum of speech processing ability, yet does not require the examinee to possess a high level of English language proficiency. The system is driven by a mathematical measurement model which selects only test items which are appropriate in difficulty level for a given examinee, thereby individualizing the testing experience. Test items were administered to a sample of young deaf adults, and the adaptive testing system evaluated in terms of respondents{\textquoteright} sensory and perceptual capabilities, acoustic and phonetic dimensions of speech, and theories of speech perception. Data obtained in this study support the validity, reliability, and efficiency of this test as a measure of speech processing ability.}, keywords = {*Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, *Speech Discrimination Tests, *Speech Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Audiometry, Pure-Tone, Human, Middle Age, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results}, author = {Bochner, J. and Garrison, W. and Palmer, L. and MacKenzie, D. and Braveman, A.} } @booklet {1602, title = {Computerized adaptive testing through the World Wide Web}, number = {(ERIC No. ED414536)}, year = {1997}, address = {(ERIC No. ED414536)}, author = {Shermis, M. D. and Mzumara, H. and Brown, M. and Lillig, C.} } @inbook {1730, title = {Computerized adaptive testing using the partial credit model for attitude measurement}, year = {1997}, address = {M. Wilson, G. Engelhard Jr and K. Draney (Eds.), Objective measurement: Theory into practice, volume 4. Norwood NJ: Ablex.}, author = {Baek, S. G.} } @conference {1157, title = {Controlling test and computer anxiety: Test performance under CAT and SAT conditions}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1997}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Shermis, M. D. and Mzumara, H. and Bublitz, S.} } @article {472, title = {Evaluating an automatically scorable, open-ended response type for measuring mathematical reasoning in computer-adaptive tests}, year = {1997}, author = {Bennett, R. E. and Steffen, M. and Singley, M.K. and Morley, M. and Jacquemin, D.} } @inbook {1792, title = {Evaluating item calibration medium in computerized adaptive testing}, year = {1997}, address = {W.A. Sands, B.K. Waters and J.R. McBride, Computerized adaptive testing: From inquiry to operation (pp. 161-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.}, author = {Hetter, R. D. and Segall, D. O. and Bloxom, B. M.} } @article {369, title = {On-line performance assessment using rating scales}, journal = {Journal of Outcomes Measurement}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, note = {1090-655X (Print)Journal Article}, pages = {173-191}, abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to report on the development of the on-line performance assessment instrument--the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS). Issues that will be addressed in the paper include: (a) the establishment of the scoring rubric and its implementation in an extended Rasch model, (b) training of raters, (c) validation of the scoring rubric and procedures for monitoring the internal consistency of raters, and (d) technological implementation of the assessment instrument in a computerized program.}, keywords = {*Outcome Assessment (Health Care), *Rehabilitation, *Software, *Task Performance and Analysis, Activities of Daily Living, Humans, Microcomputers, Psychometrics, Psychomotor Performance}, author = {Stahl, J. and Shumway, R. and Bergstrom, B. and Fisher, A.} } @inbook {1890, title = {Psychometric procedures for administering CAT-ASVAB}, year = {1997}, address = {W. A. Sands, B. K. Waters, and J. R. McBride (Eds.), Computerized adaptive testing: From inquiry to operation (pp. 131-140). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.}, author = {Segall, D. O. and Moreno, K. E. and Bloxom, B. M. and Hetter, R. D.} } @article {754, title = {Some new item selection criteria for adaptive testing}, journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics}, volume = {22}, year = {1997}, pages = {203-226}, author = {Veerkamp, W. J. J., and Berger, M. P. F.} } @article {477, title = {Some new item selection criteria for adaptive testing}, journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics}, volume = {22}, year = {1997}, pages = {203-226}, author = {Berger, M. P. F., and Veerkamp, W. J. J.} } @conference {1127, title = {Can examinees use a review option to positively bias their scores on a computerized adaptive test? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National council on Measurement in Education, New York}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1996}, address = {New York NY}, author = {Rocklin, T. R. and Vispoel, W. P. and Wang, T. and Bleiler, T. L.} } @article {479, title = {Computerized adaptive testing for the national certification examination}, journal = {AANA.J}, volume = {64}, year = {1996}, pages = {119-124}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @article {476, title = {Computerized adaptive testing for the national certification examination}, year = {1996}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @article {23, title = {Dynamic scaling: An ipsative procedure using techniques from computer adaptive testing}, journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences \& Engineering}, volume = {56}, number = {10-B}, year = {1996}, pages = {5824}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to create a prototype method for scaling items using computer adaptive testing techniques and to demonstrate the method with a working model program. The method can be used to scale items, rank individuals with respect to the scaled items, and to re-scale the items with respect to the individuals{\textquoteright} responses. When using this prototype method, the items to be scaled are part of a database that contains not only the items, but measures of how individuals respond to each item. After completion of all presented items, the individual is assigned an overall scale value which is then compared with each item responded to, and an individual "error" term is stored with each item. After several individuals have responded to the items, the item error terms are used to revise the placement of the scaled items. This revision feature allows the natural adaptation of one general list to reflect subgroup differences, for example, differences among geographic areas or ethnic groups. It also provides easy revision and limited authoring of the scale items by the computer program administrator. This study addressed the methodology, the instrumentation needed to handle the scale-item administration, data recording, item error analysis, and scale-item database editing required by the method, and the behavior of a prototype vocabulary test in use. Analyses were made of item ordering, response profiles, item stability, reliability and validity. Although slow, the movement of unordered words used as items in the prototype program was accurate as determined by comparison with an expert word ranking. Person scores obtained by multiple administrations of the prototype test were reliable and correlated at.94 with a commercial paper-and-pencil vocabulary test, while holding a three-to-one speed advantage in administration. Although based upon self-report data, dynamic scaling instruments like the model vocabulary test could be very useful for self-assessment, for pre (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Berg, S. R.} } @conference {1221, title = {Effects of answer feedback and test anxiety on the psychometric and motivational characteristics of computer-adaptive and self-adaptive vocabulary tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education.}, year = {1996}, note = {$\#$VI96-01}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Brunsman, B. and Forte, E. and Bleiler, T.} } @conference {1226, title = {Effects of answer review and test anxiety on the psychometric and motivational characteristics of computer-adaptive and self-adaptive vocabulary tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1996}, address = {New York}, author = {Vispoel, W. and Forte, E. and Boo, J.} } @article {652, title = {Propiedades psicometricas du un test adaptivo informatizado do vocabulario ingles [Psychometric properties of a computerized adaptive tests for the measurement of English vocabulary]}, journal = {Estudios de Psicologica}, volume = {55}, year = {1996}, note = {[In Spanish]}, pages = {61-73}, author = {Olea., J. and Ponsoda, V. and Revuelta, J. and Belchi, J.} } @article {341, title = {Comparability and validity of computerized adaptive testing with the MMPI-2}, journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment}, volume = {65}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, note = {Roper, B LBen-Porath, Y SButcher, J NUnited StatesJournal of personality assessmentJ Pers Assess. 1995 Oct;65(2):358-71.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {358-71}, edition = {1995/10/01}, abstract = {The comparability and validity of a computerized adaptive (CA) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) were assessed in a sample of 571 undergraduate college students. The CA MMPI-2 administered adaptively Scales L, E the 10 clinical scales, and the 15 content scales, utilizing the countdown method (Butcher, Keller, \& Bacon, 1985). All subjects completed the MMPI-2 twice, with three experimental conditions: booklet test-retest, booklet-CA, and conventional computerized (CC)-CA. Profiles across administration modalities show a high degree of similarity, providing evidence for the comparability of the three forms. Correlations between MMPI-2 scales and other psychometric measures (Beck Depression Inventory; Symptom Checklist-Revised; State-Trait Anxiety and Anger Scales; and the Anger Expression Scale) support the validity of the CA MMPI-2. Substantial item savings may be realized with the implementation of the countdown procedure.}, isbn = {0022-3891 (Print)}, author = {Roper, B. L. and Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Butcher, J. N.} } @conference {858, title = {A comparison of gender differences on paper-and-pencil and computer-adaptive versions of the Graduate Record Examination}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1995}, address = {San Francisco CA}, author = {Bridgeman, B. and Schaeffer, G. A.} } @book {1646, title = {Computerized adaptive attitude testing using the partial credit model}, year = {1995}, address = {Dissertation Abstracts International-A, 55(7-A), 1922 (UMI No. AAM9430378)}, author = {Baek, S. G.} } @article {263, title = {Computerized adaptive testing: Tracking candidate response patterns}, journal = {Journal of Educational Computing Research}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, year = {1995}, note = {Baywood Publishing, US}, pages = {151-162}, abstract = {Tracked the effect of candidate response patterns on a computerized adaptive test. Data were from a certification examination in laboratory science administered in 1992 to 155 candidates, using a computerized adaptive algorithm. The 90-item certification examination was divided into 9 units of 10 items each to track the pattern of initial responses and response alterations on ability estimates and test precision across the 9 test units. The precision of the test was affected most by response alterations during early segments of the test. While candidates generally benefited from altering responses, individual candidates showed different patterns of response alterations across test segments. Test precision was minimally affected, suggesting that the tailoring of computerized adaptive testing is minimally affected by response alterations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @conference {927, title = {Does cheating on CAT pay: Not}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1995}, note = {ERIC ED 392 844}, address = {San Francisco}, author = {Gershon, R. C. and Bergstrom, B.} } @conference {1036, title = {Equating computerized adaptive certification examinations: The Board of Registry series of studies}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1995}, address = {San Francisco}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @inbook {1735, title = {From adaptive testing to automated scoring of architectural simulations}, year = {1995}, address = {L. E. Mancall and P. G. Bashook (Eds.), Assessing clinical reasoning: The oral examination and alternative methods (pp. 115-130. Evanston IL: The American Board of Medical Specialities.}, author = {Bejar, I. I.} } @article {570, title = {A comparison of item calibration media in computerized adaptive tests}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {197-204}, author = {Hetter, R. D. and Segall, D. O. and Bloxom, B. M.} } @article {2030, title = {A Comparison of Item Calibration Media in Computerized Adaptive Testing}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {18}, number = {197-204}, year = {1994}, author = {Hetter, R. D. and Segall, D. O. and Bloxom, B. M.} } @article {629, title = {Computer adaptive testing}, journal = {International journal of Educational Research}, volume = {6}, year = {1994}, pages = {623-634}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A. and Gershon, R. C.} } @conference {846, title = {Computerized adaptive testing exploring examinee response time using hierarchical linear modeling}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1994}, note = {ERIC No. ED 400 286).}, address = {New Orleans LA}, author = {Bergstrom, B. and Gershon, R. C.} } @article {480, title = {Computerized adaptive testing for licensure and certification}, journal = {CLEAR Exam Review}, volume = {Winter 1994}, year = {1994}, pages = {25-27}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Gershon, R. C.} } @article {262, title = {An empirical study of computerized adaptive test administration conditions}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {31}, number = {3}, year = {1994}, month = {Fal}, pages = {251-263}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @inbook {25, title = {The equivalence of Rasch item calibrations and ability estimates across modes of administration}, booktitle = {Objective measurement: Theory into practice}, volume = {2}, year = {1994}, pages = {122-128}, publisher = {Ablex Publishing Co.}, organization = {Ablex Publishing Co.}, address = {Norwood, N.J. USA}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Lunz, M. E.} } @article {473, title = {A general approach to algorithmic design of fixed-form tests, adaptive tests, and testlets}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {141-153}, author = {Berger, M. P. F.} } @article {2029, title = {A General Approach to Algorithmic Design of Fixed-Form Tests, Adaptive Tests, and Testlets}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, pages = {141-153}, author = {Berger, M. P. F.} } @conference {1099, title = {L{\textquoteright}{\'e}valuation nationale individualis{\'e}e et assist{\'e}e par ordinateur [Large scale assessment: Tailored and computerized]}, booktitle = {Qu{\'e}bec: Proceeding of the 14th Congress of the Association qu{\'e}b{\'e}coise de p{\'e}dagogie coll{\'e}giale. Montr{\'e}al: Association qu{\'e}b{\'e}coise de p{\'e}dagogie coll{\'e}giale (AQPC).}, year = {1994}, author = {Ra{\^\i}che, G. and B{\'e}land, A.} } @inbook {266, title = {Reliability of alternate computer adaptive tests}, booktitle = {Objective measurement, theory into practice}, volume = {II}, year = {1994}, publisher = {Ablex}, organization = {Ablex}, address = {New Jersey}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A. and Wright, B. D.} } @booklet {1545, title = {Some new item selection criteria for adaptive testing (Research Rep 94-6)}, year = {1994}, address = {Enschede, The Netherlands: University of Twente, Department of Educational Measurement and Data Analysis.}, author = {Veerkamp, W. J. and Berger, M. P. F.} } @conference {1229, title = {The efficiency, reliability, and concurrent validity of adaptive and fixed-item tests of music listening skills}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1993}, address = {Atlanta GA}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Wang, T. and Bleiler, T.} } @booklet {1403, title = {Item Calibration: Medium-of-administration effect on computerized adaptive scores (TR-93-9)}, year = {1993}, address = {Navy Personnel Research and Development Center}, author = {Hetter, R. D. and Bloxom, B. M. and Segall, D. O.} } @conference {1038, title = {Test targeting and precision before and after review on computer-adaptive tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1993}, address = {Atlanta GA}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Stahl, J. A. and Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @conference {844, title = {Ability measure equivalence of computer adaptive and paper and pencil tests: A research synthesis}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1992}, address = {San Francisco}, author = {Bergstrom, B.} } @article {27, title = {Altering the level of difficulty in computer adaptive testing}, journal = {Applied Measurement in Education}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {1992}, note = {Lawrence Erlbaum, US}, pages = {137-149}, abstract = {Examines the effect of altering test difficulty on examinee ability measures and test length in a computer adaptive test. The 225 Ss were randomly assigned to 3 test difficulty conditions and given a variable length computer adaptive test. Examinees in the hard, medium, and easy test condition took a test targeted at the 50\%, 60\%, or 70\% probability of correct response. The results show that altering the probability of a correct response does not affect estimation of examinee ability and that taking an easier computer adaptive test only slightly increases the number of items necessary to reach specified levels of precision. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Lunz, M. E. and Gershon, R. C.} } @conference {849, title = {Assessing existing item bank depth for computer adaptive testing}, booktitle = {ERIC Document No. TM022404}, year = {1992}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Stahl, J. A.} } @conference {845, title = {Comparison of item targeting strategies for pass/fail adaptive tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1992}, note = {(ERIC NO. ED 400 287).}, address = {San Francisco CA}, author = {Bergstrom, B. and Gershon, R. C.} } @book {1647, title = {Computer adaptive versus paper-and-pencil tests}, year = {1992}, address = {Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago}, author = {Bergstrom, B.} } @article {487, title = {Computer-based adaptive testing in music research and instruction}, journal = {Psychomusicology}, volume = {10}, year = {1992}, pages = {49-63}, author = {Bowers, D. R.} } @article {610, title = {Computerized adaptive testing with different groups}, journal = {Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice}, volume = {11 (2)}, year = {1992}, pages = {23-27}, author = {Legg, S. M., and Buhr, D. C.} } @conference {842, title = {Computerized adaptive testing with the MMPI-2: Reliability, validity, and comparability to paper and pencil administration}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the 27th Annual Symposium on Recent Developments in the MMPI/MMPI-2}, year = {1992}, address = {Minneapolis MN}, author = {Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Roper, B. L.} } @article {478, title = {Confidence in pass/fail decisions for computer adaptive and paper and pencil examinations}, journal = {Evaluation and The Health Professions}, volume = {15(4)}, year = {1992}, pages = {435-464}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @article {475, title = {Confidence in pass/fail decisions for computer adaptive and paper and pencil examinations}, journal = {Evaluation and the Health Professions}, volume = {15}, year = {1992}, pages = {435-464}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @article {24, title = {Confidence in pass/fail decisions for computer adaptive and paper and pencil examinations}, journal = {Evaluation and the Health Professions}, volume = {15}, number = {4}, year = {1992}, note = {Sage Publications, US}, pages = {453-464}, abstract = {Compared the level of confidence in pass/fail decisions obtained with computer adaptive tests (CADTs) and pencil-and-paper tests (PPTs). 600 medical technology students took a variable-length CADT and 2 fixed-length PPTs. The CADT was stopped when the examinee ability estimate was either 1.3 times the standard error of measurement above or below the pass/fail point or when a maximum test length was reached. Results show that greater confidence in the accuracy of the pass/fail decisions was obtained for more examinees when the CADT implemented a 90\% confidence stopping rule than with PPTs of comparable test length. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Lunz, M. E.} } @article {2024, title = {The Effect of Review on Student Ability and Test Efficiency for Computerized Adaptive Tests}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {16}, year = {1992}, pages = {33-40}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Berstrom, B.A. and Wright, B. D.} } @article {265, title = {The effect of review on student ability and test efficiency for computerized adaptive tests}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {1992}, note = {Sage Publications, US}, pages = {33-40}, abstract = {220 students were randomly assigned to a review condition for a medical technology test; their test instructions indicated that each item must be answered when presented, but that the responses could be reviewed and altered at the end of the test. A sample of 492 students did not have the opportunity to review and alter responses. Within the review condition, examinee ability estimates before and after review were correlated .98. The average efficiency of the test was decreased by 1\% after review. Approximately 32\% of the examinees improved their ability estimates after review but did not change their pass/fail status. Disallowing review on adaptive tests administered under these rules is not supported by these data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved).}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A. and Wright, Benjamin D.} } @booklet {1559, title = {A general Bayesian model for testlets: theory and applications (Research Report 92-21; GRE Board Professional Report No 99-01P)}, year = {1992}, address = {Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service.}, author = {Wang, X and Bradlow, E. T. and Wainer, H.,} } @conference {1230, title = {How review options and administration mode influence scores on computerized vocabulary tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1992}, note = {$\#$VI92-01}, address = {San Francisco CA}, author = {Vispoel, W. P. and Wang, T. and De la Torre, R. and Bleiler, T. and Dings, J.} } @conference {833, title = {Student attitudes toward computer-adaptive test administration}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1992}, address = {San Francisco CA}, author = {Baghi, H and Ferrara, S. F and Gabrys, R.} } @conference {834, title = {Applications of computer-adaptive testing in Maryland}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1991}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Baghi, H and Gabrys, R. and Ferrara, S.} } @article {781, title = {Building algebra testlets: A comparison of hierarchical and linear structures}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {8}, year = {1991}, pages = {xxx-xxx}, author = {Wainer, H., and Lewis, C. and Kaplan, B. and Braswell, J.} } @article {340, title = {Comparability of computerized adaptive and conventional testing with the MMPI-2}, journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, year = {1991}, note = {Roper, B LBen-Porath, Y SButcher, J NUnited StatesJournal of personality assessmentJ Pers Assess. 1991 Oct;57(2):278-90.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {278-290}, edition = {1991/01/01}, abstract = {A computerized adaptive version and the standard version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) were administered 1 week apart to a sample of 155 college students to assess the comparability of the two versions. The countdown method was used to adaptively administer Scales L, F, the I0 clinical scales, and the 15 new content scales. Profiles across administration modalities show a high degree of similarity, providing evidence for the comparability of computerized adaptive and conventional testing with the MMPI-2. Substantial item savings were found with the adaptive version. Future directions in the study of adaptive testing with the MMPI-2 are discussed.}, isbn = {0022-3891 (Print)}, author = {Roper, B. L. and Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Butcher, J. N.} } @article {628, title = {Comparability of decisions for computer adaptive and written examinations}, journal = {Journal of Allied Health}, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, pages = {15-23}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A.} } @booklet {1329, title = {Comparisons of computer adaptive and pencil and paper tests}, year = {1991}, note = {Unpublished manuscript.}, address = {Chicago IL: American Society of Clinical Pathologists}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Lunz, M. E.} } @conference {848, title = {Confidence in pass/fail decisions for computer adaptive and paper and pencil examinations}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1991}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Bergstrom, B. B and Lunz, M. E.} } @conference {926, title = {Individual differences in computer adaptive testing: Anxiety, computer literacy, and satisfaction}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education.}, year = {1991}, author = {Gershon, R. C. and Bergstrom, B.} } @booklet {1556, title = {An adaptive algebra test: A testlet-based, hierarchically structured test with validity-based scoring}, year = {1990}, note = {Princeton NJ: Educational testing Service.}, address = {ETS Technical Report 90-92}, author = {Wainer, H., and Lewis, C. and Kaplan, B, and Braswell, J.} } @conference {843, title = {An empirical study of the computer adaptive MMPI-2}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the 25th Annual Symposium on recent developments in the MMPI/MMPI-2}, year = {1990}, address = {Minneapolis MN}, author = {Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Roper, B. L. and Butcher, J. N.} } @booklet {1337, title = {Future directions for the National Council: The Computerized Adaptive Testing Project}, year = {1990}, address = {Issues, 11, 1-5(National Council of State Boards of Nursing)}, author = {Bouchard, J.} } @article {37, title = {Future directions for the National Council: the Computerized Adaptive Testing Project}, journal = {Issues}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, year = {1990}, note = {911613080885-0046Journal Article}, pages = {1, 3, 5}, keywords = {*Computers, *Licensure, Educational Measurement/*methods, Societies, Nursing, United States}, author = {Bouchard, J.} } @conference {1130, title = {Illustration of computerized adaptive testing with the MMPI-2}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the 98th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association}, year = {1990}, address = {Boston MA}, author = {Roper, B. L. and Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Butcher, J. N.} } @conference {847, title = {The stability of Rasch pencil and paper item calibrations on computer adaptive tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the Midwest Objective Measurement Seminar}, year = {1990}, address = {Chicago IL}, author = {Bergstrom, Betty A. and Lunz, M. E.} } @proceedings {264, title = {Test-retest consistency of computer adaptive tests.}, journal = {annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education}, year = {1990}, month = {04/1990}, address = {Boston, MA USA}, author = {Lunz, M. E. and Bergstrom, Betty A. and Gershon, R. C.} } @conference {859, title = {Investigating the validity of a computerized adaptive test for different examinee groups}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1989}, address = {San Francisco CA}, author = {Buhr, D. C. and Legg, S. M.} } @article {22, title = {A real-data simulation of computerized adaptive administration of the MMPI}, journal = {Psychological Assessment}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, year = {1989}, note = {Article}, pages = {18-22}, abstract = {A real-data simulation of computerized adaptive administration of the MMPI was conducted with data obtained from two personnel-selection samples and two clinical samples. A modification of the countdown method was tested to determine the usefulness, in terms of item administration savings, of several different test administration procedures. Substantial item administration savings were achieved for all four samples, though the clinical samples required administration of more items to achieve accurate classification and/or full-scale scores than did the personnel-selection samples. The use of normative item endorsement frequencies was found to be as effective as sample-specific frequencies for the determination of item administration order. The role of computerized adaptive testing in the future of personality assessment is discussed., (C) 1989 by the American Psychological Association}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, author = {Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Slutske, W. S. and Butcher, J. N.} } @article {588, title = {Tailored interviewing: An application of item response theory for personality measurement}, journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment}, volume = {53}, year = {1989}, pages = {502-519}, author = {Kamakura, W. A., and Balasubramanian, S. K.} } @conference {841, title = {A comparison of two methods for the adaptive administration of the MMPI-2 content scales}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the 86th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association}, year = {1988}, address = {Atlanta GA}, author = {Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Waller, N. G. and Slutske, W. S. and Butcher, J. N.} } @booklet {1343, title = {The four generations of computerized educational measurement (Research Report 98-35)}, year = {1988}, address = {Princeton NJ: Educational Testing Service.}, author = {Bunderson, C. V and Inouye, D. K and Olsen, J. B.} } @article {486, title = {Item pool maintenance in the presence of item parameter drift}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {25}, year = {1988}, pages = {275-285}, author = {Bock, B. D., and Muraki, E. and Pfeiffenberger, W.} } @conference {1164, title = {A real-data simulation of adaptive MMPI administration}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Symposium on recent developments in the use of the MMPI}, year = {1988}, address = {St. Petersburg FL}, author = {Slutske, W. S. and Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Butcher, J. N.} } @article {490, title = {Computerized psychological testing: Overview and critique}, journal = {Professional Psychology: Research and Practice}, volume = {1}, year = {1987}, pages = {42-51}, author = {Burke, M. J, and Normand, J and Raju, N. M.} } @booklet {1437, title = {Final report: Feasibility study of a computerized test administration of the CLAST}, year = {1987}, address = {University of Florida: Institute for Student Assessment and Evaluation}, author = {Legg, S. M. and Buhr, D. C.} } @booklet {1589, title = {Full-information item factor analysis from the ASVAB CAT item pool (Methodology Research Center Report 87-1)}, year = {1987}, address = {Chicago IL: University of Chicago}, author = {Zimowski, M. F. and Bock, R. D.} } @booklet {1586, title = {Functional and design specifications for the National Council of State Boards of Nursing adaptive testing system}, year = {1987}, address = {Unpublished manuscript}, author = {A Zara and Bosma, J. and Kaplan, R.} } @conference {862, title = {Multidimensional adaptive testing: A procedure for sequential estimation of the posterior centroid and dispersion of theta}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society}, year = {1987}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Bloxom, B. M. and Vale, C. D.} } @article {148, title = {An application of computer adaptive testing with communication handicapped examinees}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {46}, number = {1}, year = {1986}, note = {Using Smart Source Parsingno. pp. MarchJournal Article10.1177/0013164486461003}, pages = {23-35}, abstract = {This study was conducted to evaluate a computerized adaptive testing procedure for the measurement of mathematical skills of entry level deaf college students. The theoretical basis of the study was the Rasch model for person measurement. Sixty persons were tested using an Apple II Plus microcomputer. Ability estimates provided by the computerized procedure were compared for stability with those obtained six to eight weeks earlier from conventional (written) testing of the same subject matter. Students{\textquoteright} attitudes toward their testing experiences also were measured. Substantial increases in measurement efficiency (by reducing test length) were realized through the adaptive testing procedure. Because the item pool used was not specifically designed for adaptive testing purposes, the psychometric quality of measurements resulting from the different testing methods was approximately equal. Attitudes toward computerized testing were favorable.}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing}, isbn = {0013-1644}, author = {Garrison, W. M. and Baumgarten, B. S.} } @booklet {1321, title = {Final report: Adaptive testing of spatial abilities (ONR 150 531)}, year = {1986}, address = {Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service}, author = {Bejar, I. I.} } @inbook {1740, title = {The four generations of computerized educational measurement}, year = {1986}, address = {In R. L. Linn (Ed.), Educational Measurement (3rd ed and pp. 367-407). New York: Macmillan.}, author = {Bunderson, C. V and Inouye, D. K and Olsen, J. B.} } @article {43, title = {Current developments and future directions in computerized personality assessment}, journal = {Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology}, volume = {53}, number = {6}, year = {1985}, note = {Miscellaneous Article}, pages = {803-815}, abstract = {Although computer applications in personality assessment have burgeoned rapidly in recent years, the majority of these uses capitalize on the computer{\textquoteright}s speed, accuracy, and memory capacity rather than its potential for the development of new, flexible assessment strategies. A review of current examples of computer usage in personality assessment reveals wide acceptance of automated clerical tasks such as test scoring and even test administration. The computer is also assuming tasks previously reserved for expert clinicians, such as writing narrative interpretive reports from test results. All of these functions represent automation of established assessment devices and interpretive strategies. The possibility also exists of harnessing some of the computer{\textquoteright}s unique adaptive capabilities to alter standard devices and even develop new ones. Three proposed strategies for developing computerized adaptive personality tests are described, with the conclusion that the computer{\textquoteright}s potential in this area justifies a call for further research efforts., (C) 1985 by the American Psychological Association}, author = {Butcher, J. N. and Keller, L. S. and Bacon, S. F.} } @booklet {1513, title = {Application of adaptive testing to a fraction test (Research Report 84-3-NIE)}, year = {1984}, address = {Urbana IL: Univerity of Illinois, Computer-Based Education Research Laboratory}, author = {Tatsuoka, K. K. and Tatsuoka, M. M. and Baillie, R.} } @book {1648, title = {A comparison of the maximum likelihood strategy and stradaptive test on a micro-computer}, year = {1984}, note = {$\#$BI84-01}, address = {Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.}, author = {Bill, B. C.} } @booklet {1389, title = {Evaluation plan for the computerized adaptive vocational aptitude battery (Research Report 82-1)}, year = {1984}, note = {Baltimore MD: The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Psychology.}, author = {Green, B. F. and Bock, R. D. and Humphreys, L. G. and Linn, R. L. and Reckase, M. D.} } @article {561, title = {A plan for scaling the computerized adaptive Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {21}, year = {1984}, pages = {347-360}, author = {Green, B. F. and Bock, B. D., and Linn, R. L. and Lord, F. M., and Reckase, M. D.} } @article {160, title = {Technical guidelines for assessing computerized adaptive tests}, journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, year = {1984}, pages = {347-360}, keywords = {computerized adaptive testing, Mode effects, paper-and-pencil}, isbn = {1745-3984}, author = {Green, B. F. and Bock, R. D. and Humphreys, L. G. and Linn, R. L. and Reckase, M. D.} } @inbook {257, title = {Small N justifies Rasch model}, booktitle = {New horizons in testing: Latent trait test theory and computerized adaptive testing}, year = {1983}, pages = {51-61}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, address = {New York, NY. USA}, author = {Lord, F. M.,}, editor = {Bock, R. D.} } @article {485, title = {Adaptive EAP estimation of ability in a microcomputer environment}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {6}, year = {1982}, pages = {431-444}, author = {Bock, B. D., and Mislevy, R. J.} } @conference {925, title = {Assessing mathematics achievement with a tailored testing program}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association}, year = {1982}, note = {$\#$GA82-01}, address = {New York}, author = {Garrison, W. M. and Baumgarten, B. S.} } @article {797, title = {Automated tailored testing using Raven{\textquoteright}s Matrices and the Mill Hill vocabulary tests}, journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies}, volume = {17}, year = {1982}, pages = {331-344}, author = {Watts, K., and Baddeley, A. D. and Williams, M.} } @booklet {1512, title = {The danger of relying solely on diagnostic adaptive testing when prior and subsequent instructional methods are different (CERL Report E-5)}, year = {1979}, note = {$\#$TA79-01}, address = {Urbana IL: Univeristy of Illinois, Computer-Based Education Research Laboratory.}, author = {Tatsuoka, K. and Birenbaum, M.} } @article {707, title = {Combining auditory and visual stimuli in the adaptive testing of speech discrimination}, journal = {Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders}, volume = {43}, year = {1978}, pages = {115-122}, author = {Steele, J. A. and Binnie, C. A. and Cooper, W. A.} } @booklet {1324, title = {A construct validation of adaptive achievement testing (Research Report 78-4)}, year = {1978}, address = {Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program, Computerized Adaptive Testing Laboratory}, author = {Bejar, I. I. and Weiss, D. J.} } @article {489, title = {Predictive ability of a branching test}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {38}, year = {1978}, pages = {415-419}, author = {Brooks, S. and Hartz, M. A.} } @booklet {1341, title = {An adaptive testing strategy for achievement test batteries (Research Rep No 77-6)}, year = {1977}, note = {{PDF file, 2.40 MB}}, address = {Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program}, author = {Brown, J. M and Weiss, D. J.} } @inbook {1733, title = {Applications of adaptive testing in measuring achievement and performance}, year = {1977}, note = {28 MB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Applications of computerized adaptive testing (Research Report 77-1). Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program. }, author = {Bejar, I. I.} } @booklet {1327, title = {Calibration of an item pool for the adaptive measurement of achievement (Research Report 77-5)}, year = {1977}, address = {Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program}, author = {Bejar, I. I. and Weiss, D. J. and Kingsbury, G. G.} } @inbook {1734, title = {A comparison of conventional and adaptive achievement testing}, year = {1977}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1977 Computerized Adaptive Testing Conference. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program.}, author = {Bejar, I. I.} } @book {1651, title = {A comparison of the classification of students by two methods of administration of a mathematics placement test}, year = {1977}, address = {Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1977}, author = {Brooks, S.} } @article {2006, title = {Effects of Immediate Knowledge of Results and Adaptive Testing on Ability Test Performance}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {1}, year = {1977}, pages = {259-266}, author = {Betz, N. E.} } @article {481, title = {Effects of immediate knowledge of results and adaptive testing on ability test performance}, journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement}, volume = {2}, year = {1977}, pages = {259-266}, author = {Betz, N. E.} } @booklet {1326, title = {An information comparison of conventional and adaptive tests in the measurement of classroom achievement (Research Report 77-7)}, year = {1977}, address = {Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program}, author = {Bejar, I. I. and Weiss, D. J. and Gialluca, K. A.} } @inbook {1981, title = {Multi-Content Adaptive Measurement of Achievement}, year = {1977}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1977 Computerized Adaptive Testing Conference. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program.}, author = {Weiss, D. J. and Brown, J. M} } @booklet {1333, title = {Effects of immediate knowledge of results and adaptive testing on ability test performance (Research Report 76-3)}, year = {1976}, address = {Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program, Computerized Adaptive Testing Laboratory}, author = {Betz, N. E. and Weiss, D. J.} } @booklet {1334, title = {Psychological effects of immediate knowledge of results and adaptive ability testing (Research Report 76-4)}, year = {1976}, address = {Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program, Computerized Adaptive Testing Laboratory}, author = {Betz, N. E. and Weiss, D. J.} } @inbook {1739, title = {Discussion}, year = {1975}, note = {{PDF file, 414 KB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Computerized adaptive trait measurement: Problems and Prospects (Research Report 75-5), pp. 46-49. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program.}, author = {Bock, R. D.} } @booklet {1332, title = {Empirical and simulation studies of flexilevel ability testing (Research Report 75-3)}, year = {1975}, address = {Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program}, author = {Betz, N. E. and Weiss, D. J.} } @inbook {1736, title = {New types of information and psychological implications}, year = {1975}, note = {{PDF file, 609 KB}}, address = {D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Computerized adaptive trait measurement: Problems and Prospects (Research Report 75-5), pp. 32-43. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program.}, author = {Betz, N. E.} } @booklet {1318, title = {Development of a programmed testing system (Technical Paper 259)}, year = {1974}, address = {Arlington VA: US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. NTIS No. AD A001534)}, author = {Bayroff, A. G. and Ross, R. M and Fischl, M. A} } @booklet {1331, title = {Simulation studies of two-stage ability testing (Research Report 74-4)}, year = {1974}, note = {{PDF file, 2.92 MB}}, address = {Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program}, author = {Betz, N. E. and Weiss, D. J.} } @booklet {1574, title = {Ability measurement: Conventional or adaptive? (Research Report 73-1)}, year = {1973}, note = {{PDF file, 4.98 MB}.}, address = {Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program}, author = {Weiss, D. J. and Betz, N. E.} } @booklet {1330, title = {An empirical study of computer-administered two-stage ability testing (Research Report 73-4)}, year = {1973}, address = {Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, Psychometric Methods Program}, author = {Betz, N. E. and Weiss, D. J.} } @article {795, title = {A comparison of computer-simulated conventional and branching tests}, journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement}, volume = {31}, year = {1971}, pages = {125-136}, author = {Waters, C. J. and Bayroff, A. G.} } @booklet {1342, title = {A comparison of four methods of selecting items for computer-assisted testing (Technical Bulletin STB 72-5)}, year = {1971}, address = {San Diego: Naval Personnel and Training Research Laboratory}, author = {Bryson, R.} } @conference {839, title = {Psychometric problems with branching tests}, booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.}, year = {1969}, note = {$\#$BA69-01}, author = {Bayroff, A. G.} } @booklet {1319, title = {An exploratory study of branching tests (Technical Research Note 188)}, year = {1967}, address = {Washington DC: US Army Behavioral Science Research Laboratory. (NTIS No. AD 655263)}, author = {Bayroff, A. G. and Seeley, L. C.} } @article {1317, title = {Feasibility of a programmed testing machine}, year = {1964}, address = {US Army Personnel Research Office Research Study 64-3.}, author = {Bayroff, A. G.} } @booklet {1320, title = {Construction of an experimental sequential item test (Research Memorandum 60-1)}, year = {1960}, address = {Washington DC: Personnel Research Branch, Department of the Army}, author = {Bayroff, A. G. and Thomas, J. J and Anderson, A. A.} } @book {1649, title = {A method of measuring the development of the intelligence of young children}, year = {1915}, address = {Chicago: Chicago Medical Book Co}, author = {Binet, A. and Simon, T.} } @article {484, title = {Le development de lintelligence chez les enfants}, journal = {LAnee Psychologique}, volume = {14}, year = {1908}, note = {In French}, pages = {1-94}, author = {Binet, A. and Simon, T.} } @article {483, title = {Mthode nouvelle pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux}, journal = {L{\textquoteright}Anne Psychologique}, volume = {11}, year = {1905}, note = {(also cited as: Applications des methods nouvelles au diagnostic du niveau intellectual chez des enfants normaux et anourmaux dhospice et decole primaire, 245-336.) In French}, pages = {191-244}, author = {Binet, A. and Simon, Th. A.} }